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Progress in hydroformylation and carbonylation

Abstract
The last 15 years of hydroformylation and carbonylation chemistry are reviewed, including technical and commercial aspects.
Keywords: Carbonylation; Hydroformylation; Homogeneous catalysis; Organometallic complexes

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................
2. Hydroformylation ..........................................................................................................................
2.1. Catalysts ...............................................................................................................................
2.l.l.Variationofthecentralatom ..................................................................................................
2.1.1.1. Monometallic catalysts ...............................................................................................
2.1.1.2. ¡°Poly¡±metallic catalysts .............................................................................................
2.1.2. Variation of the ligand .........................................................................................................
2.1.2.1. Basic principles .......................................................................................................
2.1.2.2. Phosphites ............................................................................................................
2.1.2.3. Phosphines ............................................................................................................
2.1.2.4. Water-soluble phosphines ............................................................................................
2.1.2.5. Deactivation mechanism of rhodium-phosphine catalysts ...........................................................
2.1.3. Variation of the application phase .............................................................................................
2.1.3.1. General ...............................................................................................................
2.1.3.2. Aqueous catalysts .....................................................................................................
2.1.3.3. Other biphasic catalysts ..............................................................................................
2.1.3.3.1. Non-aqueous systems ......................................................................................
2.1.3.3.2. Anchoredcatalysts ........................................................................................
2.1.3.3.2.1. Polymer-supported catalysts ..................................................................
2.1.3.3.2.2. SLPC .........................................................................................
2.1.3.3.2.3. SAPC .........................................................................................
2.2.Specialapplicationsofhydroformylation .............................................................................................
2.2.1. Special olefins ..................................................................................................................
2.2.2. Asymmetric hydroformylation .................................................................................................
2.3.Specialvariantsofhydroformylation .................................................................................................
2.3.1. Aminomethylation .............................................................................................................

2.3.2. Homologation of carboxylic acids .............................................................................................
2.3.3. Miscellaneous reactions ........................................................................................................
2.4. Technical developments in hydroformylation ........................................................................................
2.4.1. General remarks ................................................................................................................
2.4.2. Today¡¯s 0x0 processes .........................................................................................................
2.4.2.1. UCC process ..........................................................................................................
2.4.2.2. Ruhrchemie/Rhne Poulenc (RCH/RP) process .....................................................................
2.4.2.3. BASF process .........................................................................................................
2.4.2.4. Exxon process ........................................................................................................
2.4.2.5. Other processes .......................................................................................................
2.4.3. Special developments ..........................................................................................................
2.4.4. Future aspects ..................................................................................................................
3. Carbonylation ...............................................................................................................................
3.1. New developments ....................................................................................................................
3.1.1. Carbonylation of olefins ...... ...............................................................................................
3.1.1.1. Hydrocarboxylations and related reactions ...........................................................................
3.1.1.2. Oligomerizations and polymerizations with CO .....................................................................
3.1.1.3. Oxidative carbonylations .............................................................................................
3.1.2. Carbonylation of alkynes ........... ..........................................................................................
3.1.2.1. Hydrocarboxylations and related reactions ...........................................................................
3.1.2.2. Others .................................................................................................................
3.1.3. Carbonylation of CX-compounds ..............................................................................................
3.1.3.1.Reactionsofat-y1-andvinyl-X .......................................................................................
3.1.3.2. Reactions of alkyl-X ..................................................................................................
3.1.3.3. Reactionsofbenzyl-andallyl-X .....................................................................................
3.1.4. Carbonylation of aldehydes ....................................................................................................
3.1.5. Amidocarbonylation ...........................................................................................................
3.1.6. Carbonylation of nitrogen derivatives .........................................................................................
3.1.7. Other carbonylations ...........................................................................................................
3.2. Technical developments ...............................................................................................................
4. Outlook ....................................................................................................................................
References ....................................................................................................................................

[ Last edited by nxl5096224 on 2007-10-5 at 11:45 ]
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