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The amount of montmorillonite (MMT) in each extruded batch was determined by placing the central portion of a tensile bar or Izod bar in a furnace at 900 ¡æ for 45 min and weighing the remaining MMT ash with appropriate correction for loss of structural water during incineration. Thin sections for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis were microtomed from the central and skin regions of an Izod bar; the cuts were made parallel and perpendicular to the flow direction ca. 3e4 cm away from the far end of a 13 cm Izod bar and halfway between the top and bottom surfaces of the bar. These sections were viewed in the three orthogonal directions, flow direction (FD), transverse direction(TD), and normal direction (ND). The related nomenclature can be found elsewhere [27e29]. TEM image analyses were made on a view observed parallel to the transverse direction, or TD (FDeND plane) in this paper; the morphologies viewed parallel to the flow direction, or FD (TDeND plane), and parallel to the normal direction, or ND (FDeTD plane), will be presented in subsequent papers. Ultra-thin sections ranging from 50 to 70 nm in thickness were cryogenically cut with a diamond knife at temperatures of 65 C for the specimen and 58 C for the knife using an RMC PowerTome XL ultramicrotome. Sections were collected on 300 mesh copper TEM grids and subsequently dried with filter paper. The sections were examined by TEM using a JEOL 2010F TEM with a LaB6 filament operating at an accelerating voltage of 120 kV. |
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