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Drug Residues in Foods: Pharmacology, Food Safety and Analysis
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Drug Residues in Foods: Pharmacology, Food Safety and Analysis By Publisher: CRC Number Of Pages: 1194 Publication Date: 2000-12-15 Sales Rank: 2147679 ISBN / ASIN: 0824789598 EAN: 9780824789596 Binding: Hardcover Manufacturer: CRC Studio: CRC Average Rating: Total Reviews: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Book Description: "Offers unique data on the physiochemical properties, functions and metabolism, toxicological and pharmacological effects, regulatory control, antimicrobial resistance, and consumer perceptions of food residue regulation." PART I: DRUGS IN FOOD-PRODUCING ANIMALS 1. A GENERAL VIEW OF DRUG USAGE 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Classification of Potentially Used Drugs 2 1.3 Extent of Drug Use 3 1.4 Methods of Medication 4 1.5 Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration 5 References 8 2. SOME PHARMACOKINETIC CONSIDERATIONS 11 2.1 Fate of Drugs in Terrestrial Species 11 2.2 Fate of Drugs in Aquatic Species 22 References 24 3. ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS 27 3.1 Aminoglycosides and Aminocyclitols 27 3.2 Amphenicols 37 3.3 -Lactams 41 3.4 Macrolides and Lincosamides 59 3.5 Nitrofurans 70 3.6 Quinolones 73 3.7 Sulfonamides and Diaminopyrimidine Potentiators 85 3.8 Tetracyclines 95 3.9 Miscellaneous 100 References 103 4. ANTIHELMINTHIC DRUGS 117 4.1 Benzimidazoles 118 4.2 Imidazothiazoles 130 4.3 Organophosphates 132 4.4 Tetrahydropyrimidines 133 4.5 Salicylanilides 136 4.6 Substituted Phenols 138 4.7 Macrocyclic Lactones 141 4.8 Piperazine Derivatives 148 4.9 Miscellaneous 149 References 151 5. ANTICOCCIDIAL AND OTHER ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS 155 5.1 Benzamides 156 5.2 Carbanilides 157 5.3 Nitroimidazoles 159 5.4 Polyether Ionophore Antibiotics 161 5.5 Quinolone Derivatives 167 5.6 Triazines 169 5.7 Miscellaneous 171 References 175 6. ANTIMICROBIAL GROWTH PROMOTERS 179 6.1 Organic Arsenicals 180 6.2 Peptide Antibiotics 182 6.3 Quinoxaline-1,4-Dioxides 186 6.4 Miscellaneous 188 References 190 7. ANABOLIC HORMONAL-TYPE GROWTH PROMOTERS 193 7.1 Endogenous Sex Steroids 194 7.2 Steroidal Compounds Not Occurring Naturally 197 7.3 Nonsteroidal Compounds Not Occurring Naturally 203 7.4 Polypeptide Hormones 206 References 208 8. OTHER DRUGS 211 8.1 Antifungal Drugs 211 8.2 -Adrenergic Agonists 214 8.3 Corticosteroids 221 8.4 Diuretic Drugs 225 8.5 Dye Drugs 227 8.6 Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs 231 8.7 Sedatives and -Blockers 236 8.8 Thyreostatic Drugs 243 References 245 9. BENEFITS AND RISKS OF DRUG USAGE 251 9.1 Benefits to Animals, Man and the Environment 251 9.2 Risks Related to Food Contamination and Bacterial Resistance 256 References 266 PART II: RESIDUES IN FOOD 10. DRUG RESIDUES AND PUBLIC HEALTH 269 10.1 Types of Residues and Their Toxicological Significance 270 10.2 Toxicological Hazards 275 10.3 Pharmacological Hazards 286 10.4 Microbiological Hazards 286 10.5 Immunological Hazards 291 10.6 Enzyme Perturbation Hazards 293 References 295 11. SAFETY ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL OF RESIDUES 299 11.1 A General Overview 299 11.2 Regulatory Outline by International Organizations 304 11.3 Regulatory Outline in the U.S. 322 11.4 Regulatory Outline in the EU 346 11.5 Regulatory Outline in Australia 377 11.6 Regulatory Outline in Canada 393 11.7 Regulatory Outline in Japan 401 References 403 12. GLOBAL HARMONIZATION OF REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS 409 12.1 Acceptable Daily Intake 409 12.2 Assignment of the ADI to MRL/Tolerance 414 12.3 Analytical Methods for Residues Determination 417 12.4 Compliance of Legislation with Toxicology 420 12.5 Harmonization Initiatives 427 References 439 13. INCIDENCE OF VIOLATIVE RESIDUES IN FOOD 445 13.1 Residues in the U.S. 445 13.2 Residues in the European Union 458 13.3 Residues in Australia 475 13.4 Residues in Other Countries 478 References 486 14. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE OCCURENCE OF RESIDUES IN FOODS 491 14.1 Management 491 14.2 Biological Processes 495 References 498 15. COSTS OF RESIDUES IN THE LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY 501 References 505 16. RESIDUE AVOIDANCE MANAGEMENT 507 References 513 17. STABILITY OF RESIDUES DURING FOOD PROCESSING 515 17.1 Residues of Antibacterial Drugs 516 17.2 Residues of Anthelminthic Drugs 528 17.3 Residues of Anticoccidial Drugs 531 17.4 Residues of Antimicrobial Growth Promoters 531 17.5 Residues of Anabolic Hormonal-type Growth Promoters: Somidobone 533 17.6 Residues of -Adrenergic Agonists: Clenbuterol 533 17.7 Residues of Sedative Drugs 534 17.8 Conclusion 534 References 535 Copyright © 2001 Marcel Dekker, Inc. Contents xiii 18. CONSUMER PERCEPTIONS AND CONCERNS 541 References 548 PART III: ANALYSIS OF DRUG RESIDUES 19. THE ANALYTICAL CHALLENGE 549 References 568 20. SAMPLE PREPARATION 569 20.1 Selection of Basic Analytical Equipment 570 20.2 Sampling/Storage 571 20.3 Protein Denaturation 572 20.4 Extraction/Cleanup 574 References 623 21. DERIVATIZATION 637 21.1 Fluorescence Derivatization 637 21.2 Ultraviolet-Visible Derivatization 647 21.3 Enzymatic Derivatization 650 21.4 Photochemical Derivatization 652 References 653 22. SEPARATION 663 22.1 Liquid Chromatography 664 22.2 Gas Chromatography 671 22.3 Thin-Layer Chromatography 674 22.4 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 677 22.5 Capillary Electrophoresis 679 22.6 Multidimensional Separation 681 References 682 23. DETECTION 687 23.1 Microbiological Techniques 687 23.2 Immunochemical Techniques 689 23.3 Physicochemical Techniques 695 References 715 24. CONFIRMATION 721 24.1 Liquid Chromatography/Capillary Electrophoresis–Diode Array Detection Techniques 722 24.2 Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Techniques 724 24.3 Thin Layer Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Techniques 727 24.4 Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Techniques 730 24.5 Gas Chromatography–Infrared Spectroscopy Techniques 737 24.6 Liquid Chromatography–Infrared Spectroscopy Techniques 739 References 742 25. VALIDATION 749 25.1 Parameters for Method Validation 750 25.2 Procedures for Method Validation 760 References 763 26. ANALYTICAL STRATEGY 765 26.1 Classification of Methods For Regulatory Purposes 766 26.2 Quality Criteria for Selecting an Analytical Method 772 26.3 Interpretation of Analytical Results 778 26.4 Strategies for Monitoring Food Supply for Drug Residues 782 References 788 27. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS 793 27.1 Assay Formats 793 27.2 Applications 797 References 820 28. IMMUNOCHEMICAL METHODS 827 28.1 Antigen Development 828 28.2 Antibody Development 829 28.3 Reagent Formatting 832 28.4 Applications 833 References 865 29. PHYSICOCHEMICAL METHODS 875 29.1 Aminoglycosides and Aminocyclitols 875 29.2 Amphenicols 888 29.3 -Lactam Antibiotics 905 29.4 Macrolides and Lincosamides 929 29.5 Nitrofuran Antibacterials 939 29.6 Quinolones 950 29.7 Sulfonamides and Diaminopyrimidine Potentiators 961 Copyright © 2001 Marcel Dekker, Inc. Contents xv 29.8 Tetracyclines 985 29.9 Miscellaneous Antibacterials 1002 29.10 Anthelminthic Drugs 1006 29.11 Anticoccidial and Other Antiprotozoal Drugs 1028 29.12 Antimicrobial Growth Promoters 1049 29.13 Anabolic Hormonal-type Growth Promoters 1059 29.14 -Adrenergic Agonists 1077 29.15 Dye Drugs 1087 29.16 Sedatives and -Blockers 1095 29.17 Corticosteroids 1105 29.18 Diuretic and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 1119 29.19 Thyreostatic Drugs 1125 References 1129 30. FUTURE TRENDS 1151 |
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