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gnathostome-gnathostomal-pregnathostomal

gnathostome: jawed vertebrate

http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ... /S0024408296900436:
The stages in the evolution of gnathostomes, driven by selection for increasing activity, are modelled as: ancestral vertebrate (with unjointed branchial arches) to early pre-gnathostome (jointed internal arches and stronger ventilation) to late pre-gnathostome (with mouth-closing, ventilatory ¡®jaws¡¯) to early gnathostome (feeding jaws).

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Four basic stages in evolution of jaws from branchial arches
a. Ancestral vertebrate: unjointed branchial arches
b. Early pre-gnathostome: jointed internal arches support stronger ventilation muscles; gives stronger inspiration and expiration
c. Late pre-gnathostome: mouth-closing, ¡®ventilatory¡¯ jaw permits more forceful expiration of water across gills
d. Early gnathostome: feeding jaws

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