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Advanced Inorganic Materials for Photovoltaics
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| The recent issue in MRS Bulletin summarized the current research status and the foreground of photovoltaics. Since there are friends who are asking for the information about the research status of this area, I list the papers therein here for those who are interested in studying solar cells, but may not have access to them online. They may give you a good idea for this area. |
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Transparent Conducting Oxides for Photovoltaics
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http://www.box.net/shared/0kmh1cuq6u Author(s): Elvira Fortunato, David Ginley, Hideo Hosono, and David C. Paine Abstract Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) are an increasingly important component of photovoltaic (PV) devices, where they act as electrode elements, structural templates, and diffusion barriers, and their work function controls the open-circuit device voltage. They are employed in applications that range from crystalline-Si heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT) cells to organic PV polymer solar cells. The desirable characteristics of TCO materials that are common to all PV technologies are similar to the requirements for TCOs for flat-panel display applications and include high optical transmissivity across a wide spectrum and low resistivity. Additionally, TCOs for terrestrial PV applications must use low-cost materials, and some may require device-technology-specific properties. We review the fundamentals of TCOs and the matrix of TCO properties and processing as they apply to current and future PV technologies. |
7楼2007-06-15 05:31:23
High-Efficiency Multijunction Solar Cells
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popsheng(金币+4,VIP+0):很好
popsheng(金币+4,VIP+0):很好
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http://www.box.net/shared/acd0l9s7gc Author(s): Frank Dimroth and Sarah Kurtz Abstract The efficiency of a solar cell can be increased by stacking multiple solar cells with a range of bandgap energies, resulting in a multijunction solar cell with a maximum theoretical efficiency limit of 86.8%. III–V compound semiconductors are good candidates for fabricating such multijunction solar cells for two reasons: they can be grown with excellent material quality; and their bandgaps span a wide spectral range, mostly with direct bandgaps, implying a high absorption coefficient. These factors are the reason for the success of this technology, which has achieved 39% efficiency, the highest solar-to-electric conversion efficiency of any photovoltaic device to date. This article explores the materials science of today’s high-efficiency multijunction cells and describes challenges associated with new materials developments and how they may lead to next-generation, multijunction solar cell concepts. |
2楼2007-06-15 05:23:59
Silicon Solar Cells
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http://www.box.net/shared/d38zoidgxl Amorphous Silicon, Microcrystalline Silicon, and Thin-Film Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Author(s): Ruud E.I. Schropp, Reinhard Carius, and Guy Beaucarne Abstract Thin-film solar cell technologies based on Si with a thickness of less than a few micrometers combine the low-cost potential of thin-film technologies with the advantages of Si as an abundantly available element in the earth’s crust and a readily manufacturable material for photovoltaics (PVs). In recent years, several technologies have been developed that promise to take the performance of thin-film silicon PVs well beyond that of the currently established amorphous Si PV technology. Thin-film silicon, like no other thin-film material, is very effective in tandem and triple-junction solar cells. The research and development on thin crystalline silicon on foreign substrates can be divided into two different routes: a low-temperature route compatible with standard float glass or even plastic substrates, and a high-temperature route (> 600°C). This article reviews the material properties and technological challenges of the different thin-film silicon PV materials. |
3楼2007-06-15 05:26:07
Materials Challenges for CdTe and CuInSe2 Photovoltaics
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http://www.box.net/shared/4p07albg2l Author(s): Joseph D. Beach and Brian E. McCandless Abstract The record laboratory cell (~1 cm2 area) efficiency for thin-film cadmium telluride (CdTe) is 16.5%, and that for a copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2) thin-film alloy is 19.5%. Commercially produced CdTe and CuInSe2 modules (0.5-1 m2 area) have efficiencies in the 7-11% range. Research is needed both to increase laboratory cell efficiencies and to bring those small-area efficiencies to large-area production. Increases in laboratory CdTe cell efficiency will require increasing open-circuit voltage, which will allow cells to harvest more energy from each absorbed photon. This will require extending the minority carrier lifetime from its present T < 2 ns to T > 10 ns and increasing hole concentration in the CdTe beyond 1015 cm2, which appears to be limited by compensating defects. Increasing laboratory CuInSe2-based cell efficiency significantly beyond 19.5% will also require increasing the open-circuit voltage, either by increasing the bandgap, the doping level, or the minority carrier lifetime. The photovoltaic cells in commercial modules occupy tens of square centimeters, and both models and experiments have shown that low-performing regions in small fractions of a cell can significantly reduce the overall cell performance. Increases in commercial module efficiency will require control of materials properties across large deposition areas in a high-throughput environment to minimize such non-uniformities. This article discusses approaches used and research needed to increase the ultimate efficiencies of CdTe-and CuInSe2-based devices and translate these gains to commercial photovoltaic modules. |
4楼2007-06-15 05:27:09
