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More studies are needed to determine whether iPS cells and ES cells are equivalent in all aspects of function and potential. Retroviral Infection The day before transduction, Plat-E cells (Morita et al., 2000) were seeded at 8X106cells per 100 mm dish. On the next day, pMXs-based retroviral vectors were introduced into Plat-E cells using Fugene 6 transfection reagent (Roche) according to the manufacturer¡¯s recom-mendations. Twenty-seven microliters of Fugene 6 transfection re-agent was diluted in 300 m l DMEM and incubated for 5 min at room tem-perature. Nine micrograms of plasmid DNA was added to the mixture,which was incubated for another 15 min at room temperature. After in-cubation, the DNA/Fugene 6 mixture was added drop by drop onto Plat-E cells. Cells were then incubated overnight at 37 centigrade with 5% CO2 ¡£Twenty-four hours after transduction, the medium was replaced. MEFs or TTFs were seeded at 8X105 cells per 100 mm dish on mito-mycin C-treated STO feeders. After 24 hr, virus-containing superna-tants derived from these Plat-E cultures were filtered through a 0.45 m m cellulose acetate filter (Schleicher & Schuell) and supple-mented with 4mg/ml polybrene (Nacalai Tesque). Target cells were in-cubated in the virus/polybrene-containing supernatants for 4 hr to overnight. After infection, the cells were replated in 10 ml fresh medium. Three days after infection, we added G418 at a final concen-tration of 0.3 mg/ml. Clones were selected for 2 to 3 weeks. The c-Myc protein has many downstream targets that enhance proliferation and transformation (Adhikary and Eilers, 2005), many of which may have roles in the generation of iPS cells. Of note, c-Myc associates with histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complexes, including TRRAP, which is a core subunit of the TIP60 and GCN5 HAT complexes ( McMahon et al., 1998), CREB binding protein (CBP), and p300 ( Vervoorts et al., 2003). Within the mammalian genome, there may be up to 25,000 c-Myc binding sites ( Cawley et al., 2004), many more than the predicted number of Oct3/4 and Sox2 binding sites ( Boyer et al.,2005; Loh et al., 2006 ). c-Myc protein may induce global histone acetylation ( Fernandez et al., 2003 ), thus allowing Oct3/4 and Sox2 to bind to their specific target loci. Klf4 has been shown to repressp53 directly ( Rowland et al., 2005 ), and p53 protein has been shown to suppress Nanog during ES cell differentiation (Lin et al., 2004 ). Kazutoshi Takahashi and Shinya YamanakaInduction found that iPS cells showed levels of p53 protein lower than those in MEFs (Figure 7 A). Thus, Klf4 might contribute to activation ofNanog and other ES cell-specific genes through p53 repression. - Klf4 might function as an inhibitor of c-Myc-induced apoptosis through the repression of p53 in system of Kazutoshi Takahashi and Shinya Yamana kaInduction¡£The balance between c-Myc and Klf4 may be important for the generation of iPS cells. Klf4 can both activate and repress transcription. Alternatively, Klf4 might function as an inhibitor of Myc-induced apoptosis through the repression of p53 in our system ( Zindy et al., 1998 ). On the other hand, Klf4 activates p21 CIP1, thereby suppressing cell proliferation ( Zhang et al., 2000 ). This antiproliferation function of Klf4 might be inhibited by c-Myc, which suppresses the expression of p21 CIP1(Seoane et al., 2002 ).The balance between c-Myc and Klf4 may be important for the generation of iPS cells." -------Kazutoshi Takahashi and Shinya Yamanaka,Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Embryonic and Adult Fibroblast Cultures by Defined Factors,Cell ,2006, Vol-126 , 663¨C676. µ°°×ÖÊÔÚÏ໥×÷Óùý³ÌÖеĽṹ¸Ä±ä»òÖØÕÛµþ»òÕßÈ¥ÕÛµþ£¬¿ÉÓÃζÈÌøÔ¾£¬NMR£¬²îÈÈ·ÖÎö£¬ºìÍâ¹âÆ×²â¶¨¶þ¼¶½á¹¹£¬µãÍ»±ä²â¶¨µ°°×ÖʵÄÕÛµþ·¾¶ÓëÖÕ̬¸Ä±äµÈ¡£ ÒÔǰ»Ø´ðһƪ»ùÒòÏ໥×÷ÓõÄÌû×Ó£¬½ñÌìͶÀºÂÔÐ޸ĺó·¢ÉÏÀ´¡£¾ßÌåÈçºÎ×ö£¬¿´ÄãÃÇʵÑéÊÒʵ²âÖлùÒò±í´ïµ÷¿Ø»¹Êǵ°°×ÖʽṹÓëÑо¿£¬»òÊÇÉúÎïÐÅϢѧºÍϵͳÉúÎïѧ£¬»òµ°°×ÖÊÕÛµþµÈ£¬¶ø¾ö¶¨¡£ |
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