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the standard unit of measure for Ep is based on the erythropoietic effect of cobalt. Injection of cobalt into starved rats produces a dose-related increase in erythropoiesis identical to that produced by crude Ep. Inorder to provide for a consistent, easily obtainable standard, one unit of Ep was set equal to the response of 5 mmoles of cobalt in the fasted-rat assay.When sheep Ep extracts became available , one batch was set aside as Standard A.one unit of Standard A was 0.05mg and it produced a response equivalent to one cobalt unit . As this material was used up it was replaced by standard B,a lyophilized crude preparation of human urine Ep.The international unit for Ep is currently 1.48mg of Standard B, which produces a response similiar to that observed with one cobalt unit or one unit of Standard A. Tissue culture assays have been developed that are very sensitive to Ep and give excellent dose response curves . These systems utilize either rat marrow or fetal liver cells and are based on incorporation of Fe into heme .Amounts of Ep as small as 0.001 to 0.005 units can be measured .Recently , a plasma clot culture technique using mouse or human marrow cells has been described in which erthroid colonies form in vivtro . This system also responds to Ep in a dose-related fashion and could be used to assay the hormone .These methods , however , may detect asialo-Ep, which is inactive in vivo , and may be sensitive to other factors in serum and urine , making it difficult to determine the amount of Ep in crude preparations . They have been of value in following the Ep concentration in diverse fractions produced by purification procedures and in doing stability studies,but ultimately the polycythemic mouse assay must be used for definitive measurement of the hormone . several immunologic assays have been proposed for Ep including a hemagglutination inhibition assay and a radioimmunoassay . The hemagglutination inhibition system has been commercially marked, but has many serious problems , which appear to be related to the specificity of the antiserum. Two different laboratories have developed radioimmunoassays ,which utilize highly purified Ep preparations (8000-12,000units/mg)labeled with I.The assays appear to be sufficiently sensitive to quantitate normal serum Ep levels , but the range of normal found in the two laboratories varied considerably. Both groups observed that patients with renal failure had very high serum Ep levels by radioimmunoassay even though several of the same patients had no detectable activity by the polycythemic mouse assay. In addition , it was shown that asialo-Ep was immunoreactive, but inactive in vivo .These studies suggested that serum from patients with renal failure might contain an immunoreactive but biologically inactive Ep. This is a very interesting bypothesis and , if confirmed , may increase our understanding of the anemia of renal disease .Much more correlation of the bioassay and radioimmunoassay in diverse clinical situations is needed before the latter can be used for routine assay of the hormone. |
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ringzhu(金币-2): 这一段是机器翻译的吧.。。。 2011-03-22 17:29:45
ringzhu(金币-2): 这一段是机器翻译的吧.。。。 2011-03-22 17:29:45
| the standard unit of measure for Ep is based on the erythropoietic effect of cobalt. Ep的标准定位的测量是基于钴的促红细胞生成效应.Injection of cobalt into starved rats produces a dose-related increase in erythropoiesis identical to that produced by crude Ep.给饥饿大鼠注射钴产生与原Ep相同的剂量相关性红细胞生成的增加. Inorder to provide for a consistent, easily obtainable standard, one unit of Ep was set equal to the response of 5 mmoles of cobalt in the fasted-rat assay.为了提供一致、易于获得的标准，一个单位的Ep设定为与5毫摩尔钴在禁食大鼠测定中的响应相当。When sheep Ep extracts became available , one batch was set aside as Standard A. 当绵羊Ep提取物可以获得时，一批被搁置一边作为标准A。one unit of Standard A ，was 0.05mg and it produced a response equivalent to one cobalt unit . 一个单位的标准A为0.05mg，它产生一个响应相当于一个钴单位。As this material was used up it was replaced by standard B,a lyophilized crude preparation of human urine Ep.当这种材料用完后就用标准B-一种人尿来源的冻干粗制品替代。The international unit for Ep is currently 1.48mg of Standard B, which produces a response similiar to that observed with one cobalt unit or one unit of Standard A.当前Ep的国际单位是1.48mg标准B，其产生的反应与一个钴单位或者一个单位的A标准相似。 |
3楼2011-03-06 23:03:57
4楼2011-03-06 23:05:32
| Tissue culture assays have been developed that are very sensitive to Ep and give excellent dose response curves . 已经建立了组织培养测定方法，对红细胞生成素十分灵敏，可以得到优良的剂量反应曲线。These systems utilize either rat marrow or fetal liver cells and are based on incorporation of Fe into heme . 这些系统利用大鼠骨髓或胎肝细胞，并以铁纳入血红素为基础。 Amounts of Ep as small as 0.001 to 0.005 units can be measured . 小到0.001到0.005单位的红细胞生成素也可以测得。Recently , a plasma clot culture technique using mouse or human marrow cells has been described in which erthroid colonies form in vivtro . 最近，已有报道使用鼠或人类骨髓细胞血浆凝块培养技术在体外形成幼红细胞克隆。This system also responds to Ep in a dose-related fashion and could be used to assay the hormone . 该系统也以剂量相关的方式对红细胞生成素产生响应，可以用来检测激素。These methods , however , may detect asialo-Ep, which is inactive in vivo , and may be sensitive to other factors in serum and urine , making it difficult to determine the amount of Ep in crude preparations . 但是这些方法，可能会检测到促红细胞生成素，促红细胞生成素在体内无活性，可能对血清和尿液中其它因子敏感，因此很难确定粗制剂中的红细胞生成素的含量。They have been of value in following the Ep concentration in diverse fractions produced by purification procedures and in doing stability studies, but ultimately the polycythemic mouse assay must be used for definitive measurement of the hormone .在对纯化过程和稳定性研究中跟踪红细胞生成素的浓度，这些方法具有重要价值，但最终准确测量激素还必须通过多血小鼠方法检测。 |
5楼2011-03-07 08:21:46
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ringzhu(金币+50, 翻译EPI+1): ——！ 2011-03-22 17:30:27
ringzhu(金币+50, 翻译EPI+1): ——！ 2011-03-22 17:30:27
| several immunologic assays have been proposed for Ep including a hemagglutination inhibition assay and a radioimmunoassay . 已经提出了包括血凝抑制试验和放射免疫法在内的几个红细胞生成素的免疫检测方法。The hemagglutination inhibition system has been commercially marked, but has many serious problems , which appear to be related to the specificity of the antiserum. 血凝抑制系统已被商业注册，但存在许多严重的问题，这似乎是与抗血清的特异性有关。Two different laboratories have developed radioimmunoassays ,which utilize highly purified Ep preparations (8000-12,000units/mg)labeled with I. 两各不同的实验室已开发出放射免疫测定方法，它利用以碘标记的高纯度红细胞生成素制剂（8000-12,000单位/毫克）The assays appear to be sufficiently sensitive to quantitate normal serum Ep levels , but the range of normal found in the two laboratories varied considerably. 这种检测方法对定量正常血清水平红细胞生成素似乎是足够敏感的，但这一正常范围在两个实验室的发现相去甚远。Both groups observed that patients with renal failure had very high serum Ep levels by radioimmunoassay even though several of the same patients had no detectable activity by the polycythemic mouse assay. 尽管其中有几个病人用多血小鼠方法测不到有活性的红细胞生成素，但是两组均观察到用放射免疫法可以测到肾功能衰竭患者有非常高的红细胞生成素水平。In addition , it was shown that asialo-Ep was immunoreactive, but inactive in vivo .此外，促红细胞生成素具有免疫活性但无体内活性。These studies suggested that serum from patients with renal failure might contain an immunoreactive but biologically inactive Ep. 这些研究表明，肾功能衰竭患者血清可能包含具有免疫反应性但生物无效的红细胞生成素。This is a very interesting bypothesis and , if confirmed , may increase our understanding of the anemia of renal disease . 这是一个非常有趣的假设，如果得到证实，可能会增加我们对肾性贫血病的认识。Much more correlation of the bioassay and radioimmunoassay in diverse clinical situations is needed before the latter can be used for routine assay of the hormone.更多的生物测定和放射免疫分析之间的相关性需要在不同临床情况下加以确定，只有如此，放射免疫方法才可用于激素的常规检测。 |
6楼2011-03-07 08:53:08
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2011-03-06 00:38
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