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Quality Concepts and Determination Food quality is generally related to the presence of desired and/or healthy constituents and the absence of harmful components and microbial and fungal impurities (EC No. 1924/2006). However, there is a growing insight that the presence of single substances may not be the only criterion. For some substances, research has shown that it makes a difference if a substance is present in a food product or taken in as a food supplement (Omenn et al., 1996; Lippman et al., 2008). Moreover, the health effect of single food constituents, like secondary plant compounds, is controversially discussed (Heinonen and Albanes, 1994; Omenn et al., 1996; Brambilla, et al., 2008). Although a positive health effect against cancer was proposed for lycopene in tomatoes (Rao and Agarwal, 2000), recent studies show that this compound seems not to be responsible for the effect; instead, tomatoes as a whole (or other compounds) are responsible (Gitenay et al., 2007a, b). This was also shown for beta-carotene in carrots (Heinonen and Albanes, 1994; Omenn et al., 1996) and selenium in vegetables (Lippman et al., 2008). In other words, the context and the food product as a whole is relevant, not just the presence and consumption of a single substance. Therefore, representatives from the organic sector support the view which suggests that there is a different structure and order and/or organization in organic products (Verhoog et al., 2007; Kusche et al., 2009). So far, a consistent analytical method to differentiate the products from different cultivation systems is not existent (Siderer et al., 2005). However, methods developed to determine the level of order and/or organization of products are occasionally able to differentiate between defined food samples from organic and conventional origin (Turinek et al., 2009). These new methods are not yet fully validated and their principles are still under investigation (Busscher et al., 2009). From this, we conclude that a quality assessment restricted to single substances is not sufficient. Methods are needed that determine product quality at higher levels of integration (e.g., sensory analysis, biocrystallization, or others). Concepts of food quality are needed that are related to these higher levels. These concepts should be connected to the principles of organic farming within a systems approach and should allow for verification (Baars and Baars, 2007). According to Siderer et al. (2005), scientifically testable concepts are necessary to frame new assessment methods. Streiner and Norman (2001) presented a validation route for new concepts and new parameters, which can be used for framing the concepts of food quality. The organic movement does not yet have consensus about a suitable concept for product quality evaluation although many concepts have been introduced (Kahl et al., 2009). Most of the concepts propose an extension of the existing quality concepts, which means from single substance measurement and evaluation toward evaluating the product as a whole. One of these concepts was developed (Bloksma et al., 2007) to integrate quality aspects as potential food claims, conceptual theories, and methods to test the hypothesis. This ¡°Inner Quality¡± concept is based on the plant physiological processes during ¡°growth,¡± the vegetative phase of plant development, and ¡°differentiation,¡± the generative phase, and their integration (Bloksma et al., 2007), and the concept has been studied in multifactorial trials (Bloksma et al., 2001, 2004; Northolt et al., 2004. It connects to the ¡°growth-differentiation-balance-hypothesis¡± (GDBH) of plant physiologists. According to the GDBH, growth is necessary for primary metabolism and differentiation for secondary metabolism. This concept is being used primarily by farmers to improve their product quality by taking adequate agronomic measures. Secondly, it is being applied to find parameters in the harvested product to assess product quality (claims), but until now, has been restricted to plant products (Bloksma et al., 2007). It is suggested that it should now be developed further so that it can be used for processed organic food. |
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