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Quality Concepts and Determination Food quality is generally related to the presence of desired and/or healthy constituents and the absence of harmful components and microbial and fungal impurities (EC No. 1924/2006). However, there is a growing insight that the presence of single substances may not be the only criterion. For some substances, research has shown that it makes a difference if a substance is present in a food product or taken in as a food supplement (Omenn et al., 1996; Lippman et al., 2008). Moreover, the health effect of single food constituents, like secondary plant compounds, is controversially discussed (Heinonen and Albanes, 1994; Omenn et al., 1996; Brambilla, et al., 2008). Although a positive health effect against cancer was proposed for lycopene in tomatoes (Rao and Agarwal, 2000), recent studies show that this compound seems not to be responsible for the effect; instead, tomatoes as a whole (or other compounds) are responsible (Gitenay et al., 2007a, b). This was also shown for beta-carotene in carrots (Heinonen and Albanes, 1994; Omenn et al., 1996) and selenium in vegetables (Lippman et al., 2008). In other words, the context and the food product as a whole is relevant, not just the presence and consumption of a single substance. Therefore, representatives from the organic sector support the view which suggests that there is a different structure and order and/or organization in organic products (Verhoog et al., 2007; Kusche et al., 2009). So far, a consistent analytical method to differentiate the products from different cultivation systems is not existent (Siderer et al., 2005). However, methods developed to determine the level of order and/or organization of products are occasionally able to differentiate between defined food samples from organic and conventional origin (Turinek et al., 2009). These new methods are not yet fully validated and their principles are still under investigation (Busscher et al., 2009). From this, we conclude that a quality assessment restricted to single substances is not sufficient. Methods are needed that determine product quality at higher levels of integration (e.g., sensory analysis, biocrystallization, or others). Concepts of food quality are needed that are related to these higher levels. These concepts should be connected to the principles of organic farming within a systems approach and should allow for verification (Baars and Baars, 2007). According to Siderer et al. (2005), scientifically testable concepts are necessary to frame new assessment methods. Streiner and Norman (2001) presented a validation route for new concepts and new parameters, which can be used for framing the concepts of food quality. The organic movement does not yet have consensus about a suitable concept for product quality evaluation although many concepts have been introduced (Kahl et al., 2009). Most of the concepts propose an extension of the existing quality concepts, which means from single substance measurement and evaluation toward evaluating the product as a whole. One of these concepts was developed (Bloksma et al., 2007) to integrate quality aspects as potential food claims, conceptual theories, and methods to test the hypothesis. This “Inner Quality” concept is based on the plant physiological processes during “growth,” the vegetative phase of plant development, and “differentiation,” the generative phase, and their integration (Bloksma et al., 2007), and the concept has been studied in multifactorial trials (Bloksma et al., 2001, 2004; Northolt et al., 2004. It connects to the “growth-differentiation-balance-hypothesis” (GDBH) of plant physiologists. According to the GDBH, growth is necessary for primary metabolism and differentiation for secondary metabolism. This concept is being used primarily by farmers to improve their product quality by taking adequate agronomic measures. Secondly, it is being applied to find parameters in the harvested product to assess product quality (claims), but until now, has been restricted to plant products (Bloksma et al., 2007). It is suggested that it should now be developed further so that it can be used for processed organic food. |
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asd123xukun(金币+90, 翻译EPI+1):谢谢! 2010-12-17 22:16:40
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食品质量概念和质量鉴定 ①食品质量与食品预期的存放方式,健康的原材料,并且不含有害成分和微生物以及真菌杂质密切相关 (EC No. 1924/2006) 。但是,人们日益认识到食物的单一物质组成可能并不是判断其质量安全的唯一标准。对于某些物质,研究表明:其作为原料加工为食品与作为营养成分被吸收是不同的。此外,单一的食物成分(比如植物次生化合物)对健康的影响颇有争议(Heinonen and Albanes, 1994; Omenn et al., 1996; Brambilla, et al., 2008)。虽然有说法提出西红柿番茄红素对癌症的治疗具有积极健康的作用,但是最近的研究表明:此化合物似乎并不是疗效产生的原因。相反,作为整体的西红柿(或者其他化合物)才是抗癌疗效的主要发挥着(Gitenay et al., 2007a, b)。胡萝卜中含有的β-胡萝卜素(Heinonen and Albanes, 1994; Omenn et al., 1996)和蔬菜中含有的硒(Lippman et al., 2008)同样说明了这个道理。食物成分和食物本身作为一个整体是息息相关的,并不仅仅是一种存在形式或者是一种单一物质的消费。因此,有机部门的代表们支持在有机产品中存在不同的构造、次序或者机制的观点。(Verhoog et al., 2007; Kusche et al., 2009)。迄今为止,还没有一致的用来区分来自不同培养系统的产品的分析方法(Siderer et al., 2005)。然而,用来确定产品次序或者构造层次的方法偶尔能够鉴别食物样本有机和常规的定义(Turinek et al., 2009)。这些新方法还没有被充分验证,而且它们的原理仍在调查中(Busscher et al., 2009)。 ②由此,我们得出结论,评价食品质量仅从其组成是单一物质是不准确的。我们需要用较高的集成水平来确定食品质量的方法(比如感官分析,生化分析,或其他的)。所有与这些高水平集成相关的东西都是定义食品质量的概念所需要的。在系统方法的范围内,这些概念应该与有机农业的原则仅仅相连,并且允许被核查(Baars and Baars, 2007)。 ③根据Siderer等人的观点(2005年),科学的可检验的概念是构架新的评估方法所必不可缺的。2001年Streiner和Norman提出了一个验证新的概念和新的参数的方法。这个方法可以用来架构食品安全的概念。尽管我们已经引进了很多关于食品安全的概念,但是在有机运动中关于食品安全的合适概念还没有达成共识(Kahl et al., 2009)。大多数提出的概念都是现有的质量概念的扩展,也就是从单一的物质测量和评估向把产品作为一个整体进行评估。这些概念之一被发展起来结合食品质量作为潜在的食品索赔、概念理论和测试假说的方法(Bloksma et al., 2007)。 ④这种“内在质量”的理念是基于植物生理过程的“生长”,营养阶段的植物发育、和“分化”、生殖阶段以及它们的集成(Bloksma et al., 2007)。并且这种概念已经在多因子试验中得到研究(Bloksma et al., 2001, 2004; Northolt et al., 2004)。这个概念关系到植物生理学家的“生长——分化——平衡——假说”(GDBH)。根据“生长——分化——平衡——假说”(GDBH),生长是初级代谢和次级代谢的分化所必须的。这个概念主要被农民们广泛应用,他们通过采取充足的农艺措施促进产品生长来提高产品质量。其次,这个概念也被用来在收获的产品中收集参数以便用于评估产品质量(索赔),但是目前为止,这种用途仅限于植物产品(Bloksma et al., 2007)。人们建议,这个概念有待进一步发展以便用于加工有机食品。 |
2楼2010-12-14 20:14:14
asd123xukun(金币+60):谢谢! 2010-12-17 22:16:48
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楼上的翻译有一些小问题。 食品质量概念和质量检测 一般食品质量与含有我们希望的或者说健康的成分以及不含有害成分和微生物以及真菌杂质有关(EC No. 1924/2006)。然而,人们日益认识到食物的单一物质的存在可能并不是判断其质量安全的唯一标准。研究表明:对于某些物质来说,其作为原料加工为食品与作为食品添加剂是不同的 (Omenn et al., 1996; Lippman et al., 2008)。此外,单一的食物成分(比如植物二级代谢化合物)对健康的影响颇有争议(Heinonen and Albanes, 1994; Omenn et al., 1996; Brambilla, et al., 2008),虽然有说法提出西红柿番茄红素对癌症的治疗具有积极健康的作用,但是最近的研究表明:此化合物似乎并不是疗效产生的原因。相反,西红柿作为一个整体(或者其他化合物)才是抗癌疗效的主要发挥者(Gitenay et al., 2007a, b)。胡萝卜中含有的β-胡萝卜素(Heinonen and Albanes, 1994; Omenn et al., 1996)和蔬菜中含有的硒(Lippman et al., 2008)同样说明了这个道理。换句话说,环境和食物作为一个整体是息息相关的,并不仅仅是一种单一物质的存在和消耗。因此,有机食品行业的代表支持在有机产品中存在不同的构造、次序或者机制的观点(Verhoog et al., 2007; Kusche et al., 2009)。 |
3楼2010-12-14 20:45:15
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迄今为止,还没有一致的用来区分不同耕作制度下的产品的分析方法(Siderer et al., 2005)。然而,已经开发的用来确定产品次序或者构造的等级的方法偶尔能够区分有机的和常规的食物样本Turinek et al., 2009)。这些新方法还没有被充分验证,而且它们的原理仍在研究中(Busscher et al., 2009)。 ②由此,我们得出结论,仅限于单一成分的质量评价是不够的。我们需要用较高的集成水平来确定食品质量的方法(比如感官分析,生化分析,或其他的)。所有与这些高水平集成相关的东西都是定义食品质量的概念所需要的。在系统方法中,这些概念应该与有机农业的概念相关联,并且经得起验证(Baars and Baars, 2007)。 |
4楼2010-12-14 21:01:22













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