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【资源】Springer 2010考古化学新书：An Introduction to Archaeological Chemistry
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An Introduction to Archaeological Chemistry Library of Congress Control Number: 2010934208 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connec- tion with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)  1 Archaeological Chemistry ........................................................................ 1 1.1 Archaeological Chemistry ................................................................. 2 1.2 Terms and Concepts ........................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Matter ..................................................................................... 5 1.2.2 Organic Matter ....................................................................... 6 1.2.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum .............................................. 9 1.2.4 Measurement .......................................................................... 11 1.2.5 Accuracy, Precision, and Sensitivity ...................................... 12 1.2.6 Samples, Aliquots, and Specimens ........................................ 13 1.2.7 Data, Lab Records, and Archives ........................................... 15 1.3 A Brief History of Archaeological Chemistry ................................... 15 1.4 Laboratories ....................................................................................... 19 1.4.1 A Tour of the Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry ...... 20 1.5 Summary ............................................................................................ 23 Suggested Readings .................................................................................... 24 2 What Archaeologists Want To Know ...................................................... 25 2.1 Archaeological Cultures ..................................................................... 26 2.2 Time and Space .................................................................................. 27 2.3 Environment ....................................................................................... 28 2.4 Technology ......................................................................................... 29 2.5 Economy ............................................................................................ 30 2.5.1 Food ....................................................................................... 30 2.5.2 Shelter .................................................................................... 31 2.5.3 Raw Material and Production ................................................ 31 2.5.4 Exchange ................................................................................ 32 2.6 Organization ....................................................................................... 34 2.6.1 Social Organization ................................................................ 34 2.6.2 Political Organization ............................................................ 34 2.6.3 Settlement Pattern .................................................................. 36 2.7 Ideology ............................................................................................. 38 2.8 Summary ............................................................................................ 39 3 Archaeological Materials .......................................................................... 41 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 41 3.2 Archaeological Materials ................................................................... 41 3.3 Rock ................................................................................................... 42 3.4 Pottery ................................................................................................ 47 3.5 Bone ................................................................................................... 49 3.6 Sediment and Soil .............................................................................. 51 3.7 Metals ................................................................................................. 55 3.8 Other Materials .................................................................................. 58 3.8.1 Glass ....................................................................................... 59 3.8.2 Pigments and Dyes ................................................................. 62 3.8.3 Concretes, Mortars, and Plasters ............................................ 66 3.8.4 Shell ....................................................................................... 68 3.9 Summary ............................................................................................ 70 Suggested Readings .................................................................................... 71 4 Methods of Analysis .................................................................................. 73 4.1 Magnification ..................................................................................... 74 4.1.1 Optical Microscopes .............................................................. 75 4.1.2 Scanning Electron Microscope .............................................. 76 4.2 Elemental Analysis ............................................................................ 78 4.2.1 Spectroscopy .......................................................................... 81 4.2.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer .......................................................................... 84 4.2.3 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy ........................................ 86 4.2.4 CN Analyzer .......................................................................... 88 4.2.5 Neutron Activation Analysis .................................................. 89 4.3 Isotopic Analyses ............................................................................... 90 4.3.1 Oxygen Isotopes ..................................................................... 91 4.3.2 Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes ............................................... 92 4.3.3 Strontium Isotopes ................................................................. 94 4.3.4 Mass Spectrometers ............................................................... 98 4.4 Organic Analysis ................................................................................ 102 4.4.1 Methods of Organic Analysis ................................................ 109 4.4.2 Gas/Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry ................ 109 4.5 Mineral and Inorganic Compounds.................................................... 115 4.5.1 Petrography ............................................................................ 116 4.5.2 X-Ray Diffraction .................................................................. 119 4.5.3 IR Spectroscopy ..................................................................... 120 4.6 Summary ............................................................................................ 122 Suggested Readings .................................................................................... 126 5 Identification and Authentication ............................................................ 127 5.1 What Archaeological Chemistry Can Do .......................................... 127 5.2 Identification and Authentication....................................................... 128 5.3 Identification ...................................................................................... 129 5.3.1 Starch Grains and Early Agriculture ...................................... 131 5.3.2 Pacific Plant Identification ..................................................... 132 5.3.3 Keatley Creek House Floors .................................................. 136 5.3.4 Chaco Coco ............................................................................ 139 5.4 Authentication .................................................................................... 142 5.4.1 The Getty Museum Kouros .................................................... 143 5.4.2 Vinland Map ........................................................................... 147 5.4.3 Maya Crystal Skulls ............................................................... 149 5.4.4 The Shroud of Turin ............................................................... 151 Suggested Readings .................................................................................... 154 6 Technology, Function, and Human Activity ........................................... 155 6.1 Technology ......................................................................................... 156 6.1.1 The Discovery of Fire ............................................................ 157 6.1.2 Maya Blue .............................................................................. 160 6.2 Function ............................................................................................. 164 6.2.1 Microwear Analysis ............................................................... 165 6.2.2 Danish Pottery ........................................................................ 168 6.3 Human Activity .................................................................................. 173 6.3.1 Phosphate and Uppåkra .......................................................... 175 6.3.2 Ritual Activities in the Templo Mayor (Mexico) ................... 177 6.3.3 Lejre House Floor .................................................................. 180 Suggested Readings .................................................................................... 186 7 Environment and Diet ............................................................................... 187 7.1 Environment ....................................................................................... 188 7.1.1 Greenland Vikings ................................................................. 191 7.1.2 The Maya Collapse ................................................................ 195 7.2 Diet ..................................................................................................... 199 7.2.1 Carbon Isotopes ..................................................................... 199 7.2.2 Nitrogen Isotopes ................................................................... 202 7.2.3 Arizona Cannibals .................................................................. 203 7.2.4 Last Danish Hunters ............................................................... 206 7.2.5 Cape Town Slaves .................................................................. 208 Suggested Readings .................................................................................... 211 8 Provenience and Provenance.................................................................... 213 8.1 Provenience and Provenance .............................................................. 213 8.1.1 Ecuadorian Pottery ................................................................. 219 8.1.2 Lead Glaze on Mexican Ceramics ......................................... 221 8.1.3 European Copper in North America ...................................... 224 8.1.4 Turkish Obsidian .................................................................... 227 8.1.5 Pinson Mounds Pottery .......................................................... 229 8.1.6 Mexican Pyramid ................................................................... 234 8.1.7 A Maya King .......................................................................... 238 Suggested Readings .................................................................................... 241 Download: [ Last edited by htj5170 on 2010-11-20 at 10:25 ] |
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