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Part III: ab initio prediction methods
3.1 Scoring functions
Molecular Dynamics simulations(MD)
Monte Carlo (MC) simulations
Pathway Models
Combined Hierarchical Approach
Genetic Algorithms
more¡­¡­.

3.2 Ab initio prediction:Using pathway models
Pathway models combine the scoring function and the search.
HMMSTR-CM: a fragment library (knowledgebased potentials ) + a set of nucleation/propagation-based rules(for building a protein contact maps)

3.3 Ab initio prediction: TOUCHSTONE
                                 ----- threading based tertiary restraints


SICHO (SIde CHain Only) model
Prediction of tertiary restraints:side chain contact(PROSPECTOR); consensus contacts
Structure selection with an atomic potential:Monte Carlo simulations;

Kihara D. et al .PNAS , 98  (18) :10125¨C10130(2001)

3.4 Ab initio prediction: Combined Hierarchical Approach
highly simplified tetrahedral lattice model:all-atom models
combined allatom knowledge-based scoring function:three smaller subsets
consensus-based distance geometry procedure
Samudrala R. et al.PROTEINS: Structure, Function, and Genetics Suppl 3:194¨C198 (1999)

3.5 Ab initio prediction: more¡­.
Distance geometry-based
Ramachandran Plots-based
Rosetta

Huang ES et al. J. Mol. Biol. (1999) 290, 267-281.
Bernasconi A. et al.ERCIM News No.43 (2000 )
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Part IV: Rosetta

4.1 What¡¯s CASP£ºCritical Assessment of Structure Prediction (homology modeling, threading, and ab-initio)


Every two years in Dec, community-wide blind test of prediction methods
Experimentalists announce some protein sequences that they are going to resolve structurally
CASP put these sequence on web for pediction with deadline
Computational biologists submit their predictions
CASP evaluates the predictions according to the results resolved by experimentalists


http://PredictionCenter.llnl.gov/caspi/  ( i = 1,2,3,4,5. )
http://www.forcasp.org/


4.2 Rosetta at CASP:an example taken from CASP5


4.3 Rosetta : the method

Model:        Narrow the search with local structure Prediction
Scoring function(Solvation-based & Pair interactions)        
Method outline (two steps)
Get tiny pieces:sequence profile alignment
Put them together:Monte-Carlo method;                 Bayesian scoring function


Chivian D. et al.PROTEINS: Structure, Function, and Genetics 53:524¨C533 (2003)

4.3.1 Get tiny pieces:Construction of I-sites library

Assumption Distribution of conformations sampled for a given nine residue segment of the chain is reasonably well approximated by the distribution of structures adopted the sequence(and closely related sequences) in known protein structures.
Method Fragment libraries for each three and nine residue segment of the chain are extracted from PDB using sequence profile alignment

4.3.2 Get tiny pieces: construction procedure
Construct profiles (PSI-BLAST like) for each solved structure
Collect each possible segments of fixed length (len = 3, 9, 15)
Perform k-means clustering of segments
Check each cluster for a ¡°coherent¡± structure (in terms of dihedral angles
Prune incoherent structures
Iteratively refine remaining clusters by removing structurally different segments, redefining cluster membership, etc.

4.4.1 Put them together: Procedure

For representative proteins, backbones were assembled from a library of 1000 different 5-residue fragments.

4.4.2 Put them together: Monte Carlo
Search the resulting conformational space with Monte-Carlo method
Bayesian scoring function:Chose the most likely structure given the sequence:

4.4.3 Put them together: Scoring Function

4.5 Using Rosetta: Comparative modeling
Detection of the best parent for each putative domain: Blast or PSI-Blast parents or Pcons parents
Sequence alignment to that parent: K*SYNC (kitchen sink)
Modeling of structurally variable regions:match with DSSP assigned secondary structure
Optimization to increase the physical reasonableness of the final model:fragment replacement and random angle perturbations
Reassemble the complete chain when domains were parsed and processed individually:evaluated by a coarse energy function


4.6 Using Rosetta: De Novo structure predictions
Fragment libraries for each three and nine residue segment
Monte Carlo procedure with energy function favoring compact structures, buried hydrophobic residues, and paired beta strands

low free energy models : MC Minimization procedure to relieve backbone atomic clashes
MC minimize an all-atom energy function
Bonneau R. et al.J. Mol. Biol. (2002) 322, 65¨C78

4.7 Using Rosetta: Automated Method for Full Chain Structure Prediction
Robetta: de novo, comparative, or mixed models
Secondary structure prediction from the JUFO-3D method
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