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随着工业化生产的发展和城市人口的剧增，工业污水与生活污水的排放量日益加大，污泥的产出量迅速增加。污泥当中含有相当量的有毒有害物质，如病原菌、病毒、寄生虫卵和重金属等，如果不进行妥善的处理处置，必定会对环境造成严重的二次污染。目前对污泥的处置存在有两方面的问题:一是尚无一种普遍采用同时又不对环境造成污染的行之有效方法；二是污泥处置需要耗费巨大的资金，在欧美，污泥处置费用占污水处理厂总基建费用的比例高达百分之60到70 [41]。大量积累的污泥，不仅将占用大量土地，而且其中的有害成分如寄生虫、重金属、病原菌、有机污染物及臭气等将成为影响城市环境卫生的严重危害因素。目前污泥处置的一般方法包括：填埋、焚烧、投海等，但是这些方法弊端很多。(1)现行的填埋方法主要是卫生填埋，其优点是投资较少、容量较大、见效较快，但此法必须注意场地的选取、考虑当地的水文、地形条件，不仅要避免污染地下水，还要防止渗出液的渗漏和降解气的释放等。随着人口的剧增，土地资源不断减少，可供填埋的场地已十分有限，填埋法有一个最严重的问题是填埋液容易进入地下水层，污染地下水环境。(2)焚烧的技术优势在于其处理的彻底性，减量率可达到95 %左右。但焚烧存在着如下的问题: 投资和操作费用较高，计划实施较困难；在焚烧过程中会产生飞灰、炉渣和烟气。飞灰中含有较多Cd、Pb 及其它重金属，属于危险废弃物。在排放的烟气中含有二噁英和呋喃等剧毒物质，若控制不当可能会产生二次污染，而且二噁英的测定要求非常高，不容易测定；污泥中的有用成分未得到充分的利用。(3)投海法并未从根本上解决环境问题，它会造成海洋污染，对海洋生态系统和人类食物链造成严重威胁，受到人们愈加强烈地反对。因此，污泥的根本出路是资源化利用。目前进行了大量的研究，有污泥制氢、堆肥等。 MFC是一种新型的生物反应器，它是一种在电化学技术的基础上发展起来的以微生物为催化剂将储存在有机物中的化学能转变成为电能的装置[42]。MFC除了具有一般燃料电池效率高、无污染等优点之外，还具有燃料来源广泛、反应条件温和等特点。MFC可利用很多不同的物质产生电能，Oh[43]和Min[44]等人分别以食品废水和养猪废水为原料利用MFC顺利的产生了电流，醋酸盐、乳酸盐、丁酸盐等[45]有机物也可作为燃料。污泥中含有较多有机物，据调查，我国污泥中的有机物质含量约为50%～70%[46]，碳水化合物含量较高，属于高碳水化合物低脂肪类型[47]，污泥中同时含有丰富的N、P、K等营养元素及微生物所需的各种微量元素Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe[48]等。随着现代城市和工业的发展，污泥的产量急剧地增加，面临污泥处理过程中所遇到的投资高、难处理等问题，目前专家们正在积极地寻找各种新技术、新方法解决污泥资源化的问题，因此本实验正是在此前提下提出了利用MFC这项新技术，为污泥资源化的发展提出了一条崭新的思路，希望利用该技术同时降低成本达到在污泥中产生电能，将污泥变废为宝产生良好的经济效益和社会效益的目的。如果能够使MFC的输出电能保持一个长期稳定并且具有一定使用价值的水平，那么MFC的实用性将更上一层楼了。 |
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leeking85
金虫 (小有名气)
- 翻译EPI: 11
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mrzhengyao(金币+150, 翻译EPI+1):兵贵神速，牛啊，凌晨4点多翻译的！全部给你了！ 2010-06-01 06:35:15
wypward(金币+3):欢迎新虫，精神可嘉 2010-06-01 10:02:03
mrzhengyao(金币+150, 翻译EPI+1):兵贵神速，牛啊，凌晨4点多翻译的！全部给你了！ 2010-06-01 06:35:15
wypward(金币+3):欢迎新虫，精神可嘉 2010-06-01 10:02:03
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With the development of industrialized production and increase of population in cities, the amount of industrial waste water, domestic sewage and sewage sludge is raising dramatically. There are many poisonous and harmful substances in the sludge, such as pathogens, viruses, parasitic ova and heavy metals, which would cause seriously secondary pollution to environment if no proper management is applied to them. Currently, there are two problems existing in the management of sludge: one is no effective method that can be widely used and friendly to environment; second is the huge cost of the management of sludge, for example, the cost for sludge's management is as high as the 60% to 70% of the total capital expenditure of a wastewater treatment plant. The accumulation of sludge not only occupies much space but also influences the urban sanitation due to the severely impaired factors that include parasites, heavy metals, pathogens, organic contaminants and stinks. At present the common methods to handle sludge are sludge burial, sludge incineration and ocean disposal, however, there are many short-comings for these methods. (1) the prevailing burial mainly is sanitary landfills. The advantages of it are smaller-investment, larger-capacity, faster-effect, but using this method should pay attention to choose the place, consider the hydrological and geographic conditions so that to avoid polluting ground water, leaking exudates, and releasing degradation gas etc. Due to the growth of population and shortage of land resource place for burial is very limited. And the very severe problem is the inflows of landfill liquid to groundwater, which leads to the pollution of groundwater. (2)incineration's superiority is thoroughness, the reduction ratio could reach as high as 95%. But there are still many problems: high-expenditure of investment and manipulation, difficulty of operation, and fly ash, slag and smoke from the burning procedure. There are many heavy metals like Cd, Pb in the fly ash, which is hazardous waste. Lethal substances, like dioxin and furan, exist in the discharged gas and smoke, which would cause seriously secondary pollution to environment if without a proper management. In addition to high-requirement and difficult-determination of the measurement of dioxin, the substances in slag also cannot be used effectively. (3) ocean disposal doesn't solve the environmental problem basically since it causes ocean pollution and threat for marine ecosystems and human food chain, which is drastically opposited by many people. Therefore, the fundamental outlet to sludge disposal is resource utilization, which leads to many researches currently, such as, hydrogen production and compost etc. MFC is anew-fashioned bioreactor that is developed on the basis of electrochemical techniques and uses microorganism as catalysis to convert chemical energy of organic compounds to electric energy. Besides the advantages of the high-efficiency and pollution-free like other common fuel battery, MFC instrument also obtains many other advantages, such as wide-ranging flue resource and mild reaction conditions. MFC uses different substances to generate electric energy. Through MFC, Oh and Min independently used food waste water and swine-raising waste water to generate electricity and organic compounds acetate, lactate and butyrate salts that also can be used as fuel. There are many organic substances in sludge, according to investigation, the percentage of organic substance in sludge is up to 50% to 70%, which is mainly carbohydrate that belongs to high-carbohydrate low fat type. Sludge also contains abundant N, P, K nutrient elements and Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe microelements. As the development of modern cities and industries, the amount of sludge increases drastically. Facing the issue how to handle the problems of high-investment and difficult-operation, many experts is zealously looking for various new techniques and solutions for resource utilization of sludge. Therefore, under this background this experiment proposes using the new technique----MFC, which provides a novelty thought for development of resource utilization of sludge, and hopes generating electric energy while decreasing the cost by using this technique. So making waste profitable will definitely achieve excellent economic and social benefits. If MFC can output long-term and stable electric energy and make it on the level of value-in-use, MFC will be more practical. 翻译的很累啊！希望LZ不要惜金啊  |
2楼2010-06-01 04:10:28