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binyao2010金虫 (正式写手)
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[交流]
求助翻译不要那种用工具翻译的真的急用啊谢谢啊翻译好了再重谢啊
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Given that farmers recognized 20 varieties among 114 accessions, the analyses of genetic similarity was carried out among and within accessions and groups in order to confirm farmers’ indications that accessions belonged to a named variety. To this aim thegenetic similarity was calculated using simple matching coefficients (Sneath and Sokal 1973) by NTSYSpc version 2.02i computer software (Rohlf 2000). Then the similarity matrices were subjected to cluster analysis by the un-weighted pair-group method with the arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster method. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) based on Similarity matrix was calculated by using NTSYSPC- 2.02i computer software (Rohlf 2000). Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) was also conducted by using Genetic Analysis in Excel(GenALEx) (Peakall and Smouse 2001) based on Euclidean Distance matrix which provides information on the extent of diversity at the farm level as well at the regional level:这里是个欧几里得公式 Because the diversity of pistachio is uneven across the country, we also used the Shannon index of diversity (Magurran 1988) to study the geographical pattern of diversity, calculated using DIVA-GIS software:又一个公式不知道是什么也不上传了 This fact confirms our speculation that pistachio cultivations have increasingly led to the reduction of their genetic variation due to deployment of improved varieties and to the availability of private or public grafted seedling nurseries for pistachio, as well as the changing livelihood conditions (e.g. in the past exchange of local cultivars among farmers was very popular along with the consumption of nuts from wild taxa which were also object of exchange based on a 50% ratio with cultivated material). Recently the method of pistachio cultivation is changing leading towards an increased reduction of crop diversity deployed on farm. In the past (until app. 25 years ago) pistachiodiversity was maintained high in the field through a number of cultivation practices, s.a. use of male varieties derived from seed, use of wild Pistacia species to boost pollination and hence the fruit setting, use of natural populations of wild Pistacia (P. atlantica) as rootstock due to their well known resistance to stony and calcareous soils. The Shannon index that combines both richness and evenness, (Fig. 5) shows that the richest parts in diversity are in sites belonging to the Aleppo, Idleb and Hama provinces. These areas coincide with the main pistachio cultivating land in Syria. All other areas, show comparably lower diversity and it is interesting to note that they include new cultivations, where monoculture systems are being preferred to traditional ones based on larger diversity. This study has successfully determined that pistachio cultivated diversity in Syria can be grouped into 25 varieties, 20 of which have been previously studied albeit using limited morpho-agronomic traits and genetic relationship observations (Hadj-Hassan 1988; Ibrahim Basha et al. 2003; Riaz et al 2003). In addition of the confirmation of varieties previously recorded, this study is proposing 5 new ones, which have not been described before (Table 4). |
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tianya716 
木虫 (正式写手)
- 应助: 1 (幼儿园)
- 金币: 7102.4
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- 在线: 257.1小时
- 虫号: 463563
- 注册: 2007-11-20
- 专业: 药剂学
8楼2010-03-08 20:22:30
tianya716
木虫 (正式写手)
- 应助: 1 (幼儿园)
- 金币: 7102.4
- 散金: 34
- 帖子: 618
- 在线: 257.1小时
- 虫号: 463563
- 注册: 2007-11-20
- 专业: 药剂学
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
binyao2010(金币+10): 2010-03-09 20:11
zap65535(金币+50):代发 2010-03-11 13:47
binyao2010(金币+10): 2010-03-09 20:11
zap65535(金币+50):代发 2010-03-11 13:47
我也想要金币，我现找了一个高手，让她帮忙翻译，等会贴上来！ 假设农民认识114个品种中的20个不同种类，为了确定农民对于品种属于某个特定种类的判断，在品种和种群内进行了遗传学相似性分析。为了达到这个目的，遗传学相似性是通过利用NTSYSpc 2.02i版电脑软件(Rohlf 2000)的简单的匹配系数(Sneath and Sokal 1973)计算得来的。然后将相似性矩阵通过无加权配对平均法(UPGMA)集群分析。基于相似性矩阵的主成分分析（PCA）是通过NTSYSPC- 2.02i 计算机软件 (Rohlf 2000)计算得来。 分子方差分析是通过Excel(GenALEx) (Peakall and Smouse 2001)的遗传分析得来的，它是基于欧几里德距离矩阵并且提供了在农场和地区级别上的多样性范围的信息。 由于开心果的生物多样性在整个国家分布不均，我们同样通过采用DIVA-GIS软件来计算多样性的香农指数(Magurran 1988)来研究多样性的地理学类型。 事实证明了我们的猜测，即由于改良品种的应用、开心果私人和公共嫁接苗圃的发展以及变化的生长环境（例如，过去农民之间互相交换地方品种是非常普遍的，并且野生品种坚果也与栽培物种有50%的交换几率），开心果的培育日益减少了基因多样化。最近，开心果的栽培方法在不断改变，这就导致农场农作物多样性的日益减少。在过去（直到大约25年前），通过大量的栽培实践，如，来源于种子中的雄性品种的应用、运用野生黄连木种来促进授粉以增加挂果、因为野生黄连木属(P. atlantica)的天然群体对石质和石灰质土的良好的耐受性，用其作为砧木等等，农场开心果的生物多样性一直维持在很高的水平。 香农指数包括了物种的丰富性和均匀性，从图5我们可以看到生物多样性最丰富的地区属于阿勒波、Idleb和哈马省，这些地区同时也是叙利亚的开心果主要种植地。然而所有其它地区相对来说生物多样性比较少，并且我们发现很有意思的是这些地区有新的种植，爱好单一的种植系统，而不是建立在生物多样性上的传统的种植系统。 本研究成功地鉴定了叙利亚开心果的25个栽培品种，其中20个之前已经研究过，虽然采用的是有限制的形态-农艺试验和起源关系的观察(Hadj-Hassan 1988; Ibrahim Basha et al. 2003; Riaz et al 2003)。除了证实之前已经报道过的品种，本研究还提出了以前没有报道过的5个新品种（表4）。 [ Last edited by tianya716 on 2010-3-8 at 22:16 ] |
11楼2010-03-08 20:38:14
