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binyao2010金虫 (正式写手)
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[交流]
求助翻译不要那种用工具翻译的真的急用啊谢谢啊翻译好了再重谢啊
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Given that farmers recognized 20 varieties among 114 accessions, the analyses of genetic similarity was carried out among and within accessions and groups in order to confirm farmers’ indications that accessions belonged to a named variety. To this aim thegenetic similarity was calculated using simple matching coefficients (Sneath and Sokal 1973) by NTSYSpc version 2.02i computer software (Rohlf 2000). Then the similarity matrices were subjected to cluster analysis by the un-weighted pair-group method with the arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster method. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) based on Similarity matrix was calculated by using NTSYSPC- 2.02i computer software (Rohlf 2000). Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) was also conducted by using Genetic Analysis in Excel(GenALEx) (Peakall and Smouse 2001) based on Euclidean Distance matrix which provides information on the extent of diversity at the farm level as well at the regional level:这里是个欧几里得公式 Because the diversity of pistachio is uneven across the country, we also used the Shannon index of diversity (Magurran 1988) to study the geographical pattern of diversity, calculated using DIVA-GIS software:又一个公式不知道是什么也不上传了 This fact confirms our speculation that pistachio cultivations have increasingly led to the reduction of their genetic variation due to deployment of improved varieties and to the availability of private or public grafted seedling nurseries for pistachio, as well as the changing livelihood conditions (e.g. in the past exchange of local cultivars among farmers was very popular along with the consumption of nuts from wild taxa which were also object of exchange based on a 50% ratio with cultivated material). Recently the method of pistachio cultivation is changing leading towards an increased reduction of crop diversity deployed on farm. In the past (until app. 25 years ago) pistachiodiversity was maintained high in the field through a number of cultivation practices, s.a. use of male varieties derived from seed, use of wild Pistacia species to boost pollination and hence the fruit setting, use of natural populations of wild Pistacia (P. atlantica) as rootstock due to their well known resistance to stony and calcareous soils. The Shannon index that combines both richness and evenness, (Fig. 5) shows that the richest parts in diversity are in sites belonging to the Aleppo, Idleb and Hama provinces. These areas coincide with the main pistachio cultivating land in Syria. All other areas, show comparably lower diversity and it is interesting to note that they include new cultivations, where monoculture systems are being preferred to traditional ones based on larger diversity. This study has successfully determined that pistachio cultivated diversity in Syria can be grouped into 25 varieties, 20 of which have been previously studied albeit using limited morpho-agronomic traits and genetic relationship observations (Hadj-Hassan 1988; Ibrahim Basha et al. 2003; Riaz et al 2003). In addition of the confirmation of varieties previously recorded, this study is proposing 5 new ones, which have not been described before (Table 4). |
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coldance
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12楼2010-03-08 21:16:56