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介绍一点诗歌知识系列一
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Poetry is an oldest form art, and it is as universal as language. Reading poetry, we find pleasure, enjoyment, satisfaction, hope, truth, virtue, beauty, peace, harmony, inspiration, relaxation, encouragement, wit and wisdom. Let’s first see what we can get from the following poems before we seriously begin our research of poetry. A Psalm of Life Tell me not, in mournful numbers, Life is but an empty dream!— For the soul is dead that slumbers, And things are not what they seem. Life is real, life is earnest! And the grave is not its goal; Dust thou art, to dust returnest, Was not spoken of the soul. Not enjoyment, and not sorrow, Is our destined end or way; But to act, that each tomorrow Find us farther than today. Art is long, and Time is fleeting; And our hearts, though stout and brave, Still, like muffled drums, are beating Funeral marches to the grave. In the world’s broad field of battle, In the bivouac of Life, Be not like dumb, driven cattle! Be a hero in the strife! Trust no Future, howe’er pleasant! Let the dead Past bury its dead! Act,－act in the living present! Heart within, and God o’erhead! Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime, And, departing, leave behind us Footprints on the sands of time; Footprints, that perhaps another, Before we begin our research of poetry, we should at first know something about poetry, i.e. the definition of poetry. What is poetry? Many people have given their descriptions. Here are some of them. 1. Poetry is the expression of impassioned feeling in language. (Rhetoric and Composition, The Commercial Press, 1932, P303.) 2. Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility. (W•Wordsworth: Preface to “Lyrical Ballads”.) 3. 诗是激情。（克罗齐：《诗论》） 4. 诗是被热烈的情感蒸发了的水气之凝结。(闻一多：《冬夜评论》) These four refer to the emotional aspect of poetry. 5. 诗言志，歌咏言。（cf.《虞书》） 6. 诗者志之所之也。在心为志，发言为诗。情动于中而形于言，言之不足，故嗟叹之；嗟叹之不足，故咏歌之；咏歌之不足，不知手之舞之,足之蹈之也。情发于声；声成文，谓之音。 （《诗•大序》） These two refer to the motif of poetry. 7. Verse is generally distinguished from prose as a more compressed and more regularly rhythmic form of statement. (M.H.Abrams and others: The Norton Anthology of English Literature, vol.2.W.W.Norton & Company, 1979, P2562.) 8. What is poetry? It is thought expressed and arranged in such a way that the feelings of the author and reader harmonize with the sound of the words. It is usually written so that the accents or stress of syllables come at regular intervals, the lines are of fixed length, with words of similar sound at the ends of the lines. The regularity of accent is called rhythm, and the similarity of sound is called rime. (cf.Henry Huizinga: “The World’s Best Short Stories”. The Commercial Press,1928，P319.) 9. Poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty. (Poe) These three refer to the characteristic features of its language. 10. Poetry is imaginative literature written in verse. ( Charles Barber: “Poetry in English”, The Macmillan Press LTD,1983,P5.) 11. Poetry, in a general sense, may be defined to be the expression of the imagination. (P.B.Shelley: A Defence of Poetry) 12. Poetry is the lava of the imagination to prevent an eruption. (Byron) 13. 诗歌是想象和激情的语言。（赫兹利特：《泛论诗歌》） These four stress its imaginative quality. 14. Poetry is the blossom and the fragrance of all human knowledge, human thoughts, human passions, emotions, language. (cf. A•L•Alexander: Poems That Touch the Heart, Doubleday & Company, 1963.) This is about poetic beauty. 15. Poetry is the image of man and nature. (W.Wordsworth: Preface to “Lyrical Ballads”.) 16. The future of poetry is immense, because in poetry, where it is worthy of its high destinies, our race, as time goes on, will find an ever surer and surer stay. (cf. Matthew Arnold: The Study of Poetry.) These two imply the universal significance of poetry. 17. Poetry is the art of representing human experiences, in so far as they are of lasting or universal interest, in metrical language, usually with chief reference to the emotions and by means of the imagination. (R•M•Alden: “An Introduction to Poetry”, P1.) This is a comprehensive description of poetry. And this definition includes the ideas mentioned in the preceding points. Sailing o’er life’s solemn main, A forlorn and shipwrecked brother, Seeing, shall take heart again. Let us, then be up and doing, With a heart for any fate; Still achieving, still pursuing, Learn to labor and to wait. |
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