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托福考什么 一、听力部分 听力部分由六篇长对话或长文章构成，共有34道题，共需费时25分钟；每篇文章大约有5—6道题；听力部分仍然是校园生活英语，内容都是教授的讲座或教师与学员的对话，与现行“托福”没有本质的不同。 与现行“托福”相比，新“托福”具有以下几个特点： 1、新“托福”没有短对话，因此技巧性更差，更加注重听力实力。 2、新“托福”每篇长文章或对话的时间都较长，平均2—5分钟左右，细节较多，容易遗忘，而且语速也较快，是英语本土语速，每分钟140—220字。 3、新“托福”长对话中有一位教授和多个学生在课堂中对话的情形，较容易形成角色混淆。而现行“托福”中只有一对一的长对话。 4、新“托福”听力中有多选题，例如四个选项中选两个；而现行“托福”中只有单选题。 5、新“托福”中出现了“细节是非题”，根据所听到的内容判断若干细节正确与否，即：YES or NO；还有一种是变体是“细节图表题”即对相应的细节进行连线或填表。例如：将三个事件按时间顺序依次添入表格中。 6、新“托福”中题干部分经常出现“why”开头的题目，说明考官更加注重对于内容的理解而非记忆。而现行“托福”更加强调对于细节的记洹?br /> 7、新“托福”中，考生在听完整篇文章之前是看不到任何问题或选项的；但在现行“托福”中可以一边听一边看选项。 二、语法部分 新“托福”中没有专门的语法测试，只是在写作部分通过评分标准来强调语法的重要性，学生会由于语法错误在写作部分中丢分。 三、阅读部分 新“托福”的阅读部分是变化最小的一部分，几乎感觉不到实质的变化。但与现行“托福”相比，还是具有以下几个特点： 1、新“托福”共有三篇文章，每篇文章630—670字，12—13道题，共40道题，共费时25分钟。而现行“托福”共5篇文章，50道题，费时55分钟；显然新“托福”对于学生的要求比以前要高出许多。 2、每篇文章长达六段之多，而现行“托福”通常只有3—4 段。 3、新“托福”中出现了一种“句子入位题”，也就是说，文章中有四个空位，从中选出一个最合适的空位将一个句子填入。 4、新“托福”中每篇文章最后一题都很独特，出现了一种从未有过的“重要观点题”，是多选题，而且值两分。所谓的“重要观点题”就是从5—6个备选答案中选出2—3个表达了文章最重要观点的选项。 5、由于是机考，在每篇文章题目全部作完后，不能再回去。在一篇文章习题全部作完之前，本篇文章其他习题答案可以修改。 四、口语部分 这部分几乎就是TSE的加强版 口语部分分为五部分： （1）前三部分均为独立议题，准备时间为30秒，演讲时间为1分钟；演讲内容类似于一篇口头的TWE作文。 （2）第四部分为“先听后说”，即先听一篇长文章或长对话，然后基于所听到的内容，用原文的细节和自己的理解去口头回答考官提出的若干问题。此部分准备时间为1分钟，演讲时间为1分半钟。 （3）第五部分为“先读后说”，即先读一篇长文章或长对话，然后基于所读到的内容，用原文的细节和自己的理解去口头回答考官提出的若干问题。此部分准备时间为1分钟，演讲时间为1分半钟。 五、写作部分 写作部分有三种题型 （1）第一种为“先听后写”， 即先听一篇长文章或长对话，然后基于所听到的内容，用原文的细节和自己的理解，写一篇文章去讨论或分析考官提出的若干问题。此部分共用时15分钟， 须写出125—200字。 （2）第二种为“先读后写”，即先读一篇长文章或长对话，然后基于所读到的内容，用原文的细节和自己的理解，写一篇文章去讨论或分析或解释考官提出的若干问题。此部分共用时25分钟， 须写出175—250字。 （3）第三种完全是TWE，须在30分钟写出300字。 |
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117. Some people choose friends who are different from themselves. Others choose friends who are similar to themselves. Compare the advantages of having friends who are different from you with the advantages of having friends who are similar to you. Which kind of friend do you prefer for yourself? Why? Choose similarity. 1) Avoid argument; 2) Have same 'interest to do something 118. Some people enjoy change, and they look forward to new experiences. Others like their lives to stay the same, and they do not change their usual habits. Compare these two approaches to life. Which approach do you prefer? Explain why. 1) Compare these two approaches. 2) Prefer moving and new experiences A. More opportunities B. More friends 119. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People behave differently when they wear different clothes. Do you agree that different clothes influence the way people behave? Use specific examples to support your answer. Agree: 1) Clothes themselves are designed to meet different occasions. 2) Different clothes change people's mood 120. Decisions can be made quickly, or they can be made after careful thought. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The decisions that people make quickly are always wrong. Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion. Disagree. 1) Whether the decision is right or wrong depends on people's knowledge & experience, not the time. 2) Without knowledge and experience, even the time is long, it is hard to make right decisions. On the contrary, with knowledge and experience, the decisions made quickly are right. 121. Some people trust their first impressions about a person's character because they believe these judgments are generally correct. Other people do not judge a person's character quickly because they believe first impressions are often wrong. Compare these two attitudes. Which attitude do you agree with? Support your choice with specific examples. 122. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People are never satisfied with what they have; they always want something more or something different. Use specific reasons to support your answer. Agree. 1) The progress of society relies on people's pursuit for change; 2) Personal improvement relies on people's dissatisfaction with current situation. 123. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should read only those books that are about real events, real people, and established facts. Use specific reasons and details to support your opinion. Disagree. 1) The main purpose for people to read book is for entertainment and relax 2) People would lack creativity if they only read books about real things 124. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important for students to study history and literature than it is for them to study science and mathematics. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. Disagree: 1) Admit that history and literature are very important 2) Everything is connected with science n the modern society 3) It is easier for people who study science and mathematics to make a living 125. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? All students should be required to study art and music in secondary school. Use specific reasons to support your answer. Agree: 1) Music and arts are an important part of daily life 2) Understanding music and arts could help students to handle the latter study at the university 3) Understanding music and arts makes students enjoy the life better. 126. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? There is nothing that young people can teach older people. Use specific reasons and examples to support your position. Disagree. 1) Young people are usually more creative than the elders 2) Young people can understand things faster than the elders 127. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Reading fiction (such as novels and short stories) is more enjoyable than watching movies. Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position. Disagree. 1) Reading takes more time than watching movies. Modern life is more and more fast-paced. People spend less and less time reading. Movie watching is a good substitute. 2) Watching movies give us visual enjoyment: New technology, stunt, pleasant music, beautiful pictures, pretty actresses etc. 128. Some people say that physical exercise should be a required part of every school day. Other people believe that students should spend the whole school day on academic studies. Which opinion do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. Physical exercise should be a required part of every school day. 1) Physical exercise helps increase studying efficiency 2) Academic study requires good health 3) In some aspects, physical exercise is as same as academic study. 129. A university plans to develop a new research center in your country. Some people want a center for business research. Other people want a center for research in agriculture (farming) Which of these two kinds of research centers do you recommend for your country? Use specific reasons in your recommendation. Recommend establishing a business research center: 1) The business is more important in your country. 2) The business research center could bring more advanced technology and business ideas to the country. 3) Different agricultures are restricted to different weathers. Business is not confined. 130. Some young children spend a great amount of their time practicing sports. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Advantages: Read #112, #128 Disadvantages: 1) Takes a long time and hurt themselves 2) Time is limited. They don't have time to do other things. 131. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Only people who earn a lot of money are successful. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Disagree. 1) The different people have different definition for the success. Success cannot be judged only by money. It is supposed to be one that people meet their goals. 2) A lot of scientists are very successful even though they do not have a lot of money. 3) If a person just inherits a big fortune or win a lottery, we cannot say he is successful. 132. If you could invent something new, what product would you develop? Use specific details to explain why this invention is needed. Invent something that can make the vehicle flexible in size. 1) The parking lots are more and more limited and expensive; 2) In the traffic accident, if the vehicle is flexible, the damage will be reduced. 133. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? A person's childhood years (the time from birth to twelve years of age) are the most important years of a person's life. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Agree. 1) Most of habits are formed in this time; 2) During this time of period, children are more likely to be taught 3) Basic ideology IS Cultivated during this time 134. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children should be required to help with household tasks as soon as they are able to do so. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Agree 1) It can make the children form the habit to keep the room clean. 2) In this way children can understand parents' work. 3) It will be good for children in the future in their work 135. Some high schools require all students to wear school uniforms. Other high schools permit students to decide what to wear to school. Which of these two school policies do you think is better? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. Wear school uniforms: 1) School uniforms can constrain student's behavior outside school 2) School uniforms can save parents' money 3) School uniforms make students feel equal and more convenient to get on well with each other 136. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing a game is fun only when you win. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Agree: 1) Playing game is for enjoyment and winning can bring us enjoyment; 2) Game is fun only when there is a target, such as winning. 137. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? High schools should allow students to study the courses that students want to study. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. Disagree. 1) Most students of high school do not have a clear aim to decide what to do 2) If high schools do so, students can't learn systematic and comprehensive knowledge 138. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to be a member of a group than to be the leader of a group. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Disagree. 1) As a leader, you can 'influence other members and ask them to do what you want 2) As a leader, you can accumulate more experience in management 3) As a leader, it is easy to demonstrate your personal value 139. What do you consider to be the most important room in a house? Why is this room more important to you than any other room? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. Bedroom. 1) You spend most of time in the bedroom when you stay at home; 2) Bedroom is the most private space at home; 3) Bedroom also provide a quiet space for yourself |
14楼2005-11-17 06:41:40
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TOEFL复习笔记（语法笔记） 总叙： 1． 句子结构（句法）及书面表达（书面语） （1题1分） 2． 在语法改错中：alike-like another-other do-make special- especially 3． 情态动词，在TOEFL考试中永远不错。 …are could… √ 虚拟语气，在TOEFL中永远不考。 具体词汇： first在改错中划线，永远不错。 The first sb to do sth 第一个做…的人 purpose: The purpose of sth is to do sth 做…的目的 语法题的考试比重： 句子结构考填空（15条） 词法考改错（25条） 填空部分： a） 先找句子分段点（即连词、分词、介词和标点），将句子分成几段，选择要 读的那部分，即只关注与空格相关的部分。 1. 连词与标点：eg：《语法》P192 10 分词与标点：eg：《语法》P192 15 介词与标点：eg：《语法》P192 11 2. 句子：简单句 s+v. 复合句 主语+从句录 （任何句子只看一半） 并列句（分句+分句） sentence;sentence.（只看一半） sentence and/or/but sentence.（只看一半） b） 简化句子 (eg:《语法》P192 1) 简化原则：1、ad、冠词、数词随时可以划掉不看 2、修饰n.的a.或者分词随时划掉不看 3、prep短语随时划掉不看 4、做状语的分词短语（位于句首或句尾），随时划掉不看 5、与空格无关的句子划掉不看 c） 分析句子结构、判断空格中所缺句子成分 捷径：可直接套用固定句型与结构（eg:《语法》P192 8） 倒装句型：倒装部分的首字为助动词或系动词。 1．句子成分 主、谓、宾、定、状、补、同谓 状：修饰谓语 定、补、同谓→主、宾 d） 区分4个选项，结合句意与语感确定选项，确定答案 思路：句子→简单句→主干→判断缺少成分→选择答案 2．状语：prep状语 状从 独立结构、n.+doing、n.+done inf doing/done 分词 3．固定结构 《语法》P192 12 4． 固定结构 《语法》P192 12 …forms…,___,required elements. 即：sub,插入语,v+obj. 插入语：定从或者省略定从 定从省略：在定从中，sub+系动词，可以同时省略，即which be / who be / that be可省 √插入结构的答案标准形式 1． 定语从句或者省略定从 2． n.作主语同谓语 3． a.短语/分词短语/介词短语 eg：a)Bill Clinton,(who is省)the former president of the U.S.A,loves L. 《语法》P193 12 c)Pandas,(which are省)native to China,are loved by the people all over the world. (形容词短语) 4． 填空的固定结构与句型 a）主句专一结构：（《讲义》P6 1 2） 任何句子只有一个主语，句子间必须有连词连接 eg：句子，句子。X（此结构误） 句子；句子。√ TOEFL语法中之考陈述句，任何从句均正常语气。 b）谓语专一结构：（《讲义》P6 2 4） 任何句子只有一个谓语，谓语间必须有两次连接 eg：主谓…谓…. X 主谓…，谓…. X c）平行结构：（《讲义》）P6 5 6）（新题 P59 3 4） A and/or B A,B,and/or B 各元素必须一致 Sentence 1, sentence 2, sentence 3 and sentence 4. √ （排比句） d）宾语从句结构：（《讲义》P6 7 8 《讲义》P21 91.8.10） indicate、state等动词后面第一反应为that引导的宾语从句，即： sub+Vt+that+clause，所以indicate、state等Vt后面第一反应是找that。 e）what结构：（《讲义》P7 9 10） 1．缩合连接代词 what= the thing that/all that thing由句意决定（《讲义》P7 9 10） 2．What在前后句中必须同时做成分 what= the thing that 3．n.+what X what前面永远不要先行词 4．prep.+what+完整句(s.+v.+o.) X →which 5． What is now √ (新题 9710.13) 可有可无的插入语 6． what little（不可数） what few（可数） (新题 98.10.14) what little = the little sth that what few = the few sth that 7． what引导的句子等于一个名词，且可以作sub或者obj，或表语 what+v = the thing (that+v) 8． what 90%以上的出题方式： prep___v.：介词与谓语间用what （讲义 P7 9） Vt___v.：及物动词与谓语间用what（讲义 P7 10） f） prep+which结构：（讲义 P7 11 12） 1．S+vt+n.+which+vt+o. (which做主语) 主句 +s+vt（which做宾语） √ which+不完整句 2．S+Vt+n.+prep.+which+s.+v.+o 主句 完整句 √prep+which+完整句（句子+prep+which+句子） 连接两句子 √句子___句子。*可优先选择prep+which或in that 定于从句与同位语的区别： 1．定从：sub+vt+n+that/which+不完整句 关系代词 同位语：sub+vt+n+that+完整句 连接ad. 2．定从的先行词是任何词，同位语的先行词只有：见《讲义》P23 94.8.6 3．定从与n的关系是修饰关系，同位语与n的关系是说明名词内容。 g） in that结构：（讲义13 14） in that= because 因为 in that：连词+原因状语 但是in that不位于句首，句子+in that+句子，但是because可以位于句首。 答案中只要有in that,一定是选项。 h） 同位语从句：（讲义15-19） 同位语：主语同位语/宾语同位语→ n. 说明或者解释主语/宾语的某一属性/特性 1．主语同位语的三种位置： 1）主语同位语：主+谓+宾：n, sub+v+o 位于句首的孤立n，只能是同位语 eg：A famous GRE expert,Micheal Yu is a good teacher. 解题方法：由主语同位语找主语（讲义P7 15） 2）主同：主，n. ，v+obj （讲义 P7 17） 主，主同，谓宾 3）主同+主+谓+宾（没逗号） eg：The teacher Feanklin has taught TOEFL for three years. 2．宾语同位语的两种位置： 1） 主 谓 宾，宾同：s+v+o , n 位于句尾的孤立n，只能是同位语 （讲义 P7 18 19） ad+同位语（n）√ eg：Once a famous seaport, Shanghai is become a large city. 2） 主谓宾+宾同（不用逗号） （逗号可有可无） eg：新题：P275 9 i） adj的并列结构：(讲义 P7 20 21) an old red car √ an old,red car √ a red,old car√ a red old car X 当几个a.排成一列修饰同一个n.时，a.间不并列，则有明确的顺序。当几个a排 成一列修饰同一个n.时，a.间并列，则没有明确的顺序。逗号连接两个a.，并且 并列。 j） 比较级结构：（讲义P7 22-25） Franklin plays tennis than LQX.（省略性）√ LQX does.（对称性）√ does LQX.（倒装性）√ 1） 对称性：在比较结构中，比较对象一定要对等。 √eg：The climate of Alaska is much coller than that of Texas. 在比较结构中优先考虑选择that / those / the one，而不选it / them，因为 that / those / the one是泛指，it / them是特指。 （讲义 P7 24 25） *比较对象一定要泛指。 China has a long history than Japan. 不用its 2） 省略性：(讲义P7 24 25) 在比较结构中，相同的谓语可以省略，尤其是be动词带省 eg：He is a little old than I (am). 3） 倒装性：在比较结构中，than后面可以倒装也可以不倒装，但考试中是倒装 形式。（讲义 P7 23） k）定语从句的省略结构：(讲义 26 27) 1． 如果that / which在定从中作obj，可以省略. sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt →s+vt+n+s+v s+vt+n1+n2+vt *当做题时，若发现两个名词在一起，但是似乎连不上，则一定省略that / which，则动词为vt，做谓语。 2． 定从的特殊省略（新题 P92 13） the way (in which) + 句子 the reason (why that)+句子 均为完整句 the time (that / when)+句子 I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweatest voice in the world. By the time省that+句子，句子。 3．定从的主系省略（主+系可同时省） 即：which be , who be , that be可同时省 （讲义P7 17） *在新题中难题常与which be的省略有关（新题 P196 15） l）状语从句的省略结构：（讲义 P8 28 29） Although (it is)native to Europe, svo. Although (she was) affluted by…svo. Even though (it is) costly,svo. 省略条件： 1） 特定的状语从句引导词：although though even though when while if as 2） 从句为主系表结构 3） 从句主语与主句主语一致。 Alought (主+系)+表，主谓宾。 省略方式： a） 可以同时省略主+系→连词+表语（a. 分词 svo） b） 主系必须同时省 c） Alough / Thouth / While / If / As / When +（系表）+a./分词，svo √ 一定是答案 m）doing结构：（讲义 30 31） doing现在分词→ a./ad.作定于/状语 动名词→ n. 作主语/宾语 eg：1）Stranving troop have to surrender. 现在分词修饰n.，翻译为“…的” 2）Transforming faw materials into useful products is called maufacturing. （Transforming：动名词） 具有动词特征的n做主语或者宾语，但同时又可接宾语，动名词与n为动宾关系， 中心词为v-ing，翻译为“…的行为”。 3）Starving troops is forbidden, sharving是主语，单数，谓语动词用is 不用are *在TOEFL中： ____n.(pl.)+v.(sing)，一般空格内优先选doing （讲义 31） n）make结构：（讲义31 32） make+obj+宾补 obj：n/代词 宾补：n./adj. 1） make+n1+n2 make the boy president (班长) 2） make+n./代词+a. (新题 P78 11) make it unique it:真宾语 3）make it possible to do it：形式宾语 （讲义 33） that +句子 4）make sth possible sht:短宾语 possible宾补 make possible sth sth长宾语 possible宾补 （新题 32） o）the more…the more结构 标准句式：the more sub+v1 the more sub+v2 ！）对称性：结构中的n.前必须有限定词 the more the +n1 the more the +n2 2）省略性：结构中相同的谓语可省，尤其是be动词可省 3）倒装性：The more svo , the more svo .是一个复合句。 条件状从 主句 因此从句不能倒装，而主句（第二个the more）可倒装。 p）表结果的伴随状语从句结构： （讲义 36 37） svo,doing….伴随状语 表结果：thus / thereby → svo,thus / thereby +doing… *thus / thereby 后不一定加doing *as f ar / long / early as 出现即为答案/ many / much q）adj短语做后置定语结构：（讲义 38 39） *==等价于定从的省略 a door (close to the window) 省略which be a distance (equal to twice) n1+(a.+prep+n2) adj短语 foods (high in fat) √ leaves (rich in suger) √ n1+which be（比较级+than+n2） 相当于从句的省略 a temperature (highter than 50C) r）adj最高级的省略结构： （讲义 40 41） the most improtant of all books the most elaborate of all birdnests the+a.最高级+单数n. X +of 复数n. 一样错 *单数n.必须省略，则the+a.最高级+of+n.(pl.) n.(可代替)→ ad. X / v.过去时X a. n.(sing) of √ *the a.原级 of+ the restfulof X the poor of √ s）不规则动词的过去式作谓语结构：（讲义 42 43） She set set-set-set It cost cost-cost-cost It spread spread-spread-spread t）规则动词的过去分词作后置定语结构 （讲义 44-46） 46条：Automatons programmed… 非谓语，整个句子少谓语 lack a. be lack of vi. be lack in vt. Sub+lack+obj *如何判断n+v-ed是谓语还是非谓语？ eg：n+called call-called-called We called him Bush. 主动，过去式，谓语 He was called Bush. 被动，过去分词，谓语 …a boy called Bush? 被动，过去分词，后置定语 根据主/被动确定，主动语态为过去式，被动语态为过去分词，被动式中有be即 是非谓语。 *n+v-ed，先从逻辑上判断名词与动词过去式的关系，主动为过去式，是谓语， 考试时留下，被动是过去分词，没有be，则是后置定语，考试时划掉不看。 u）逻辑主语结构： （讲义 47-50） 1） Doing…,svo. Done…,svo. 动作的发出者/承受者为逻辑主语，*位于句首做状语的分词短语的逻辑主语，也 就是句子的主语。（47） 2） n1+doing…,n2vo. n1+doing…,n2vo. 分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，即为独立主格结构，在n1前可加with / without 3）(n2)prep+n1,svo. （讲义 49 / 新题 P104 10） 前后主谓要一致 4）Alough +doing…,svo. If+done…,svo. 位于句首，做状语的分词短语显然可以加状语从句引导词alough though even though if as when while eg：When traveling in New York, Tom met many intrersting people.. 5）To do…,svo. Inf的逻辑主语与句子主语可一致也可不一致： eg：To made stereo effects, two recordings are made the some performances. 6）Alough to do…,svo. X If to do…,svo. X 位于句首做状语的inf前不可加状语引导词。 *when to do,句子。X 句子，when to do. X 在TOEFL中，when to do一般不选。 v）宾补法则：（讲义 51-54） We appointed him +CEO. (CEO：宾补) 主 谓 宾 宾补 （主动） He was appointed +CES. 主 谓 主补 （被动） 主动为宾补，被动为主补。 补语：使句子完整。 宾补：某些vt接obj后，句意不完整，必须加一个n或者adj，所加的n.或者adj， 即为宾补，分词也可以。这些vt为：appoint, elect, consider, name, call, make. 1） elect：主动：sb/sth elect sb sth. 被动：sb be elect a)+职位 +to+机构 c)+to+the office of+职务 2） consider：在TOEFL中，从不说consider as 主动：sb / sth consider n1+(to be)+n2/a.宾补 被动：n1+be considered+to be+n2/a.主补 *consider+n1+n2在考试中优先选择。 3）name 主动：sb/sth name sb sth 被动：sb be named sth 4）宾语后置：（宾语太长） make sth possible = make possible sth bring sth to sb / sw = bring to sb /sw sth bring sth together = bring together sth bring sth to light揭示…，发现… = bring to light sth w）it结构 （讲义55-57） *___ n. (新题P183 15 / 讲义 57) 答案一般选sub+谓语，优先选择there be,一定不选it is /they’re，it is不 位于句首：It is a book. X一般TOEFL中考： 1） 强调句型 It’s / was +被强调部分+that / who +其余部分 被强调部分+其余部分=句子。 a） 可强调主语、宾语、状语，但是不可鄙强调定语、谓语。 b） 强调人时，that / who均可，其余均用that c） 后面句子为过去时态，用was，其余用is *___ who…,___that… (讲义 55) 优先选择it is / was +ڤ 2） 形式主/宾语 it+be+adj/分词+ to do it：形式主语 that clause eg：It is easy to pass TOEFL. It was once believed that+句子 形式宾语：s+vi+it+adj. / 分词+ to do / that clause. It:形式主语 sub+make+it+possible+to do / that x）which引导定从的三种形式： 1） sub+vt+n+which+sv2 / v2o *which不一定指最接近的n. (j讲义 P9 58) 2） s.+vt+n.+[prep+which]+svo. (讲义 59) *prep+which+vo X → prep+which+svo √ 3）SVO, 数/n. +of which + VO 主语 谓语 对部分进行解释 * all both SVO， each _____ VO. either five five persent three quater 这类题一定选of which. y）倒装结构：一般考1~2条，在第13~15之间 （讲义 62-67） 原则：只有主句才可以倒装，答案的首字母一定为系动词。 1． 否定ad位于句首，引起倒装：not only, not until, haedly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, no sooner…than 1） not until + 时间 + 主谓倒装，not until + 句子+主谓倒装 2） only+状语位于句首 only +ad. eg: recently prep.短短语 eg: in recently years 从句 eg: when clause only一个词本身不倒装 3） 形容词短语/分词短语位于句首，引起倒装 adj+prep+n.+系动词+n. 表语 系 主 *typical of characteristic of 分词短语+prep+n.+系动词+n. 表语 系 主 *coinciding with + n 4） so位于句首 （so…that…） sub+be+so+a.+that clause so+a.+be+sub+that clause 5） 表示地点范围的介词短语位于句首，谓语动词为系动词，一定引起倒装 In…（表语）+系动词+主，主同。 （新题 P144 14） *在倒装句型答案中不能出现there *常考介词要倒装：among between in at beneath 常考的系动词：be lie exist remain rest 6） 在比较级结构中，than后面可以倒装，也可以不倒装。 7） as位于句中： eg: Jerry is a good teacher, as are his family. as在句中 Jerry is a good teacher. So are his family. so在句首 z）双谓语结构： （讲义 72-76） ___ v1(从句谓) + …… + v2(主句谓) 结构特征：两个谓语直接在一起，第一反应应为主语从句。 即：主从引导词+sv1o+v2o 1． 主语从句引导词+主语从句 V1+…+V2 （90%） 2． Doing+宾从引导词+宾从主语+v1+…+v2 3． N.+of+what+v1+…+v2 二十七、双宾语结构： （讲义 77 新题 P196 13） 1． gain win earn sth gain / win / earn+sb+sth 2． tell persudade sb tell sb that+句子 sb persuade sb that+句子 3．give grant (新题 P130 12) sth give sth sth sth/sb grant sb/sth sth 4．Appoint hame call elect consider make *v2+n1+n2 优先选择 二十八、讲义 68-71 1． Like / unlike + n , svo. 2． Pioneer in 只考被动 3． What to do what不要obj How +句子 how要有obj What one says. How one says it. What to do. (what is pron) How to do it (how is ad) 注：在讲义上P21 91.5.8加：which, whereas *在空格前为完整句，空格后为名词，95%以上的空格是定语从句 S+Vt+n.+定语从句（95%） |
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改错部分： a.改错题做题要点： 1． 语法与句意并重，一定要通读全句 2． 一边读句意，一边思考划线部分的语法知识点是否正确 b.改错题出题方向： 一、名词： A、名词做定语的单复数问题： 1． 名词做定语，即n1修饰n2, n1必须为单数。（讲义 P1 10） a twenty-four hour period √ 例外：a greetings card √ a savings bank √ a communucations satellite √ a sports car √ a sales girl √ a systems engineering √ 2． many woman修饰名词，单复数与后面的名词的单复数一致，比如：women boxers （讲义P1 11） 3． the highset scientific lab X a chemical lab X a mathmatics(n.) professor √ a biological textbook X 当表示某一学科的教授、学生、教科 书、实验室、系等教学要素，应该用名词修饰，而不是用形容词。eg: a physics student the scientific and technical field (用形容词因为field不是教学要素) B、限定词与名词单复数：（讲义P1 4） 1． some / any / all 单复数均可，可数不可数均可 如：some kind 某一种 some kinds 某些种 some time some money any of the books / some of the books →any / some作代词 Would you like some coffee?(想要得到肯定的回答) 2． Many + pl Much +/Λ / （见讲义P1 3） As much as 2,000 kms. √ 永远作单数 As many as 50 precent of the income. X precent /Λ / As much as 50 precent of the income. √ 2000 kms is a long distance. √ many are… by many… many也可以作prep (讲义P1 13) 3．few / a few 可数，肯定 （讲义P1 2） little / a little 不可数，否定 （a）few +n.s 4．each / every 单数，可数 eg each ten boys √ each major styles X each major style √ 5．数词 / several + pl. five aircraft √ several settings √ several + n.s 6．one of+pl （讲义P1 7） among+pl (讲义P1 11) 7．first / only / simple 单/复数均可 the first school 第一所学校 the first schools 第一批学校 the only university 唯一的大学 the only university 唯一的几所大学 single: a single +n.(sing) / no single +n.(sing) 也可pl: two single rooms 8．another+sing （复数也可以，但不多） other + pl （单数也可以，但不多） anyother +sing another two boys other part t the other+sing / pl any other state = any of the other states 9． Hundred / thousand / million数量词=数词+量词 five thousands pieces X → five thousand piece （five:数词 thousand 量词） 一亿本书：hundred millions books X hundreds million books X hundreds millions books X (a) hundred millions books √ 数 量 10．a number of + pl + v(pl) （讲义P1 8 9） the number of +pl+v(sing) 11．Various / diverse / numerous +pl. C、可数与不可数名词： 1． 常考的可数n. （讲义 P23 5） a chance discovery 一个偶然发现 population:人口数/Λ / 各地的人口数/c/ 人群/c/：a sample population make great efforts to do color effects a clue 一条线索 an amount of + /Λ / 2． 常考的不可数名词： (讲义 P10 1) a. 流体：air smoke oil water… b. 总称名词：poetry foliage… [集合名词：family people police…+are] c. 抽象名词：wisdom knowledge information… d. 自然现象：sunlight darkness weather rain…[但是：a heavy rain 前有 adj.，raindrop雨滴，可数] e. 颗粒装物体：rice salt parder（颗粒）… f. 疾病：measles mumps diaheties… g. 学科：讲义 P10 2 statistics:统计学，不可数；统计数据，可数 3． 常考的不规则单复数： （讲义P10 3 4） *tooth划线，这个答案一定错。 foot-foot 单复数一样：步兵 horse-horse:单复数一样：骑兵 4． 常考的单复数同形的名词：（讲义P11 4）： *a mean这答案一定错。 5． 单复数名词意义有差异： mean：中庸，均值-means：方法，手段，财富 water：水-waters：水域（water加s一定不错） part：部分-parts：部分，才能 other part:其他部分，以免歧义。 good：好-goods：货物 force：；力，力量-forces：武装部队 custom：风俗习惯-customs风俗习惯，海关 spectacle：光景-spectacles：眼镜 arm：手臂-arms：武器 6． 既可数又不可数的名词：（讲义P21 91.1.21.n.c.&u.） rock：大块岩石，可数；小的岩石，不可数 suger：方糖，可数；沙糖，不可数 area：面积，不可数；地区、区域，可数 collection：由同种物品构成，不可数；由不同种物品构成，可数 eg: his art collection /Λ / his three collections of short stories /c/ time：时间，不可数；此数、倍数，可数 *当不可数表示种类的时候，就是可数的。 可数/不可数的区别：有无可数的概念，抽象（不可数）还是具体（可数） advertising /Λ / advertisement /c/ the meaning of life /Λ / 生命的意义 their lives /c/ 他们的生命 二、冠词 （讲义P1 12-23） A、不定冠词 （a与an划线80%错） 1． a与an的混用：（讲义12） 发音而非字母 a university a unit a unique an undergradute an understanding an atom an emotion an electrical lamp an hour an honest boy an herb a yawn 2． a与pl.n.的连用 出题方式：a/an+adj+pl.n an outstanding boys X an outstanding boy √ 3． 不定冠词的遗漏：（讲义 14） ①固定词组中a的遗漏 a set of a serics of a piece of a variety of a group of a wealth of a wide range of a collection of ②单数可数名词，前面必须有限定词 It is book. X It is good book. X It is very good book. X It is a very good book.√ 限定词：冠词a an the 人称代词his her… 指示代词that this… 所有格 Tom’s… 不定代词any some… I have times.√ 规律：⑴v+单数可数名词 X …is still practical medium…X …is still a practical medium…√ …operated sewing machines …hired women form grid X→…form grids/a grid ⑵prep+sing./c/ X （讲义 16） …the manufacture of automobiles …of hamid areas …in poor neighbouhoods …through falling raindrops 例外：all cells differ widely in function“在功能方面”，不可数。 in color in science等 *in+sing.n.表示在某一方面，某一领域，某一行业 in stage：在舞台这个领域 part of = a part of （讲义 P1 17） 在考试中，part划线，永远对 ⑶（a /the）founder of 表示职位、身份、亲属关系的名词可以单独使用 …is chief of Little Bush,son of George Bush,is running for the office of president. ⑷固定词组的名词可以单独使用 in response to in honor of…都对 ⑸(新题 P58 29) 表示各类的名词后所接的名词，可以单独使用，不用加定冠词或变复数。 type of sort of kind of |
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B、定冠词 1． 表“独一无二”的事物前加the the Sun. the Moon (the)earth The Summer Palace 2． 叙述词：只有做前置定语修饰名词，才必须加the the first university 陷阱：①Utah ranks first among… 不是前置定语 rank first among词组 ②A is second only to B. A仅次于B。 3． 最高级：只有做前置定语，才加the（新题P67 29） the most handsome teacher Pandas are most plantiful in China, 做定语，不用定冠词。 陷阱：most的非最高级不一定要加the.(讲义 23) 4． 表示“开始”“结束”一定加the （讲义 19） 5． 表示“人体”“普通人”加the （新题 95.8.40） 人体：the human body 普通人：the average person , the common person 6． 城市名、洲名、国家名不加the (国家的联合名词除外，如USA) in Paris = in the cith of Paris in Texas= in the city of Texas 7． 河流、湖泊、海洋，前加the the Changjiang River winds from the Atlantic Ocean 8． Nature 1） 若是指在自然界 in nature 不加the 2） 特指…of nature 本质的，发自内心的 faith of nature nature考试时一定不加the 9． 一般气体前不加the (除非有特定范围) the nitroger X the nitroger of the box √ 学科前面不加the the astronomy X 元素前面不加the the copper X the matal copper √铜牌，间接加可以 10．history 1） 泛指“在历史上” in history，不加the 2） 特指“某种历史“，in the history of Suzhou University 11．most的用法 ①代词，“大多数” most of +n.(必须特指) 单数 复数 不可数 most of the mammals 这些哺乳动物的大多数 most前不用定冠词，但是名词前必须用定冠词。 ②adj.“大多数的” most+n.（泛指） 复数 / 单数 most mammals 大多数的哺乳动物 most 及名词前都不用定冠词。 ③ad.修饰形容词或者副词的最高级，加the the most beautiful girl 最漂亮的女孩 ④ad.修饰形容词或者副词，表示very a most beautiful girl = a very beautiful girl most often = very often eg 1. _a__William’s books.(特指) a. most of b. most 2. _b__ ballet dancers.(特指) a. All of b. All all of 与all和most og、most用法相似。 ⑤most & mostly区别 the mostly intense of … X …be composed most of water …X most: adj. / pron / ad mostly: ad. 大多数的，修饰prep/ v mostly：adj修饰名词，ad修饰形容词和副词 12．乐器前加定冠词（但中国乐器不加，洋鬼子的乐器才要加） play the violin play erhu(二胡) 三、代词：（讲义 P2 24-32） TOEFL中，代词的错误率非常高 1． 代词间五种形式的混淆 主格he↔宾格him←反身代词 himself ↕ ↨ ↑ 所有格his 名词.self (箭头为改错方向) ①名词前应该使用所有格（新题 P92 27） eg Who style X → whose style make she debut X → make her debut ②反身代词（改为宾格） 反身代词必须与所在句子主语一致 （讲义 24） eg He killed him. (他杀)宾格与主语不一致 He killed himself.(自杀)反身代词与主语一致 ③双宾语结构、名词前不一定是所有格 eg His studies is genentics won him prices. √ 双宾语 ④self自我、本我，n. → 出现在哲学中，self划线永远错。 2． 代词的单复数的混用 （讲义 25） it→them its→theirs that→those he→them one→those himself→ themslves 3． them & those, it & the one的区别（讲义 27） them与it特指，they与the one泛指 4． 代词的性别的混用 （讲义 28） 5． 代词的人与物的混用 it / he… 6． 关系代词的混用： a． who代人，that代人/物，which代物。*一般考点为who / which（讲义 30） b． who代人，主格；whom代人，宾格；whose代人/物，所有格。*一般考点为 who/whose（讲义 31） 7． 从句引导词（讲义 19 36） ①从句引导词：代词性：在从句中做成分，代词+不完整句 who / whom / that / which / how many 形容词：whose / how much / how many *在句中不做成分，ad+完整句 ad.：if / because / why / when… that即是代词性，也是副词性引导词 *that的用法： a）that ⑴关系代词用于定从，在从句中做主语或者宾语。 …n.+that+不完整句 ⑵连接副词，用于主从，宾从，表从和同位语从句。在从句中不做成分 …that+完整句 b）that省略 ⑴在定从中，that做主语可以省略。That+be可以省略。 ⑵在宾从中，某些及物动词后可省：say/ see/know /here /think /believe /betold /understand / propose / hear ②prep+which+不完整句 X prep+what+完整句X when+n（孤立）X n+what X whose +v. X where+v. X ③状语从句引导词+完整句 ④介词+which+完整句 连接副词（that）+完整句 ⑤如果先行词中有序数词、最高级、不定代词、only中，只用that不用which 8． 从句：从句是主句的一个句子成分，从句=从句引导词+句子，从句引导词表 明从句的位置。 ㈠主语从句：从句是主句的一个主语 sub clause+v+obj 从句引导词+句子+v+obj → 标准形式 That TOEFL is a piece of cake is known to all. ㈡宾语从句：从句是主语的宾语 主语+谓语+从句 sub+vt+从句引导词+句子→ 标准形式 We known that TOEFL is a piece of cake. ㈢表语从句：从句是主句的一个表语 主+系+表 sub+系动词+从句引导词+句子→ 标准形式 The fact is that TOEFL is a piece of cake. ㈣状语从句：从句是主句的一个状语 状语。Svo. 从句引导词+句子，句子.→ 标准形式 *引导词决定句子的性质,如if是条件从句,when是时间从句等. ㈤同位语从句：从句是主语的同位语 主语+谓语+宾语+从句 完整句 sub+vt+obj(n.)+从句引导词（ad）+句子→ 标准形式（宾同） We know the fact that TOEFL is a piece of cake. ㈥定语从句：从句是主句的一个定语（以宾语定语为例） s+v+n+从句引导词（代词）+不完整句→ 标准相识 We know the fact that is not known to Jerry. 四、介词（讲义33-43） 1、through / throughout through 穿过（某一具体物体）：through the earth 通过（某一具体方式）：through x-ray analysis throughout +时间：贯穿 throughout his lifetime/their existense +地点：遍布 throughout the world =all over the world = all across the world 2、between / among the distance between the stars / trees. √ distance表示两者的距离 among the two separate realms. X among三个/三个以上之间 3．In / inside / into → 动态的，强调动作、过程 air into a house X→ air in a house shot arrows inside the sky X → shot arrows into the sky in/inside表示静态的，强调的状态 into commerve X → in commerve 4．In / for / since （与时态有关） in：时刻点 in 1979 过去时 时间段 in recent years （完成时）/ in two days（将来时） for：介词+一段时间：for three years （完成时，过去时） 连词： 自从，因为 并列连词：不位于句首，句子，for+句子 since：介词+时刻点：since 1954（完成时）“自从” 连词：自从 因为（常考）+原因状语从句 since+句子，句子 副词：与完成时连用，表从过去的某个时间或某个事件至今 与过去时连用=ago Tom died many years since… √ 5．of考法：多余、遗漏、误用：A common use with gold is…X with→ of prep → of , of → prep. With强调某种工具的使用，of强调所有关系 6．by be done by 被动语态的标志 by doing通过…方才… 作品by作者 / 电影by导演 / 研究by研究人员 7． 固定搭配（3-4个） 五、动词（讲义44-73） ㈠谓语动词 1． 主谓一致（与插入语无关） 1主谓的分隔原则：主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔。 s1→vo 2定语从句中的主谓一致：…n1+that+v …,one of +n(pl)+that+v(sing) / v(pl) 通常 …,the only one+n.(pl)+that+v(sing) …,n1 of n2 +that+v(由动词发出者决定) 3随前一致： n. + together with n2+v与n1&n2一致 as well as including along with with / of accompanied with / by 4就近原则：n1 or n2 +v（就近原则） either n1 or n2 neither n1 nor n2 eg: He or we are… Is he or we…? 5可数n1 and 可数n2+v(pl) 不可数n1 and 不可数n2+v(pl) 例外：war and peace is… war and peace是一个整体 表示一个整体的两个名词例外，类似的还有：law and order bread and butter black and white To love and to be loved is … A lawyer and a teacher are… A lawyer and teacher is … 6随后原则：not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(与B一致) 7百分比结构：most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persent of+n1+v.（由n1决定） 数词与谓动无关 8倒装结构的主谓一致： a）There be +n 由名词决定动词 b）Among , between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构： Among / Between …+系动词+n. （由名词决定动词） 9The+adj的主谓一致： a）当表示“一类人”，则+v(pl) The rich are always ridiculous, b）当表示某一抽象概念时，则+v(sing) The good is always attractive. 10To do/doing/主从+v(sing) *More than one+n(sing)+v(sing) many a +n.(sing)+v(sing) a day or two +v(sing) news不可数，抽象 economics不可数，学科 mumps不可数 species由句意决 定 draughts不可数，跳棋 2． 谓语动词的时态与语态： 时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时 prep(in/for/since)→时间→时态→动词形式 矛盾（考点） 语态问题：：只考陈述句，情态动词在TOEFL中永远对，嘘拟语气在TOEFL中也不 太考。 *89-96年的虚拟语气共考过4次：（新题 P91 10 P65 10） sub+insist / require +that +s+v sub+make +it+impertive that+sub+v 主被动语态是TOEFL中的重点：句意，by，动词用法。（讲义P3 61）在TOEFL中 have done by一定错 3． 常考的谓语动词：（讲义 58） ①常考主动态的动词：prove: vt+obj / vi+to be +n. / adj. eg: My advice proved to be wrong. √ (主动表被动) prove / seem / occur / take place / rank / range / weigh / measure / date(date back to)…都是主动表被动 ②常考被动态动词：（讲义 59） *locat在TOEFL中常考被动 eg: Bats can locat the obstacles. “确立…位置” My school is located near a river.“位于” *concerned be ~ with compose be ~ of compared be ~ to / with 在TOEFL中to/with一样 noted be ~ for based be ~ on known be ~ for / as / to eg: Li Ao is known for his books. Li Ao is know as a writer. Li Ao is know to us. decicated be ~ to do 被用于…、被题词… / to doing 致力于…事业中 credited be ~ with（因）（被认为）导致了…/有利于…（果） for to （果）归功于…，归因于…（因） called be ~ … ③主动=被动的词： hatc=be hatched feed on=be fed on face=be faced with need/want/require need doing=need to be done’ ④情感动词：（讲义 60） please annoy move surprise 都有“使…”的意思 please:主动：be ~ing （物）使人高兴的 sht be ~ing 被动：be ~ed （人）被使得高兴 sb be ~ed move: Franklin is so moved. The story is so moving. ㈡非谓语动词 1．现在分词与过去分词的区别： 主动 被动→后置定语/状语→90% 进行 完成→前置定语 →10% 动作 状态→不考 eg: the boiled water 开水 the boiling point 沸点 2．现在分词与过去分词的用法： ⑴可以位于句首/句末做状语，正确与否取决于主被动 句首：Doing…, svo. 主动 （讲义 66） Done…, svo. 被动 句末：svo, doing… 主动 （讲义 65） svo,done… 被动 ⑵可以位于名词后，做后置定语修饰名词，且等同于定语从句。正确与否取决于 主被动 n+doing… 主动 （讲义 58） … people claming to… 主动 n+done… 被动 （讲义 58） … reports received … 被动 eg: the sites occupied by early human… 被动 *常考的+doing的动词： mean enjoy finish mind celebrate forgive tolerate suggest advocate quit delay avoid escape spend be capable of play a key role in keep/prevent from have difficulty in have trouble/a hard time/a problem in 3．关于不定式的省略用法： ⑴help to do = help do help sb to do = help sb do ⑵使役动词：let make have bid后的inf必须省to let sb do make sb do have sb do have sth done bid sb do sth吩咐… 做… ⑶感官动词：see watch notice heat后的inf必须省to see sb do sth see sb doing be seen to do/be seen doing 被动 4． Inf固定用法： ⑴做某事的“第一人”：the first sb to do ⑵（讲义 68）表“允许”“迫使”的动词后接inf allow sb to do permit sb to do force sb to do cause sb to do enable sb to do allow the fruite to ripen allow the ripening of the fruit ⑶表示“倾向”的形容词或动词后接inf tend to do attempt to do be more likely to do/that be inclmed to do be intended to do be liable/apt to do易于… ⑷表“目的”的名词后接inf做表语 the + purpose / goal / aim / objective / intention / reason / function+of sth is to do sth ⑸与接不定式的动词或者形容词，同词跟的名词后也接不定式 able to do → ability / enable to do decide to do → decision to do attempt (v.) to do → attempt(n) to do （讲义 71） be ambitious to do sth → ambition to do sth try to do → make afforts to do sth 5． Inf的其它形式： 1）将来式： 主动：be to do 被动：be to be done eg: China is to be one of the most important countries in the new century. * to be done & done的区别： the surface to be glaued 表将来 the surface glwed 表完成 2）完成式： 主动：to have done 被动：to have been done 表示不定式的动作发生在谓语前 eg: I am glad to see you again. 动作同时发生 I am glad to have seen his sons yesterday. am glad表示现在的动作 to have seen表示昨天的动作 3）The problem is easy to solve. The problem is difficult to carry out. 在easy difficult hard simple等形容词后的不定式主动表示被动 |
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