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托福考什么 一、听力部分 听力部分由六篇长对话或长文章构成，共有34道题，共需费时25分钟；每篇文章大约有5—6道题；听力部分仍然是校园生活英语，内容都是教授的讲座或教师与学员的对话，与现行“托福”没有本质的不同。 与现行“托福”相比，新“托福”具有以下几个特点： 1、新“托福”没有短对话，因此技巧性更差，更加注重听力实力。 2、新“托福”每篇长文章或对话的时间都较长，平均2—5分钟左右，细节较多，容易遗忘，而且语速也较快，是英语本土语速，每分钟140—220字。 3、新“托福”长对话中有一位教授和多个学生在课堂中对话的情形，较容易形成角色混淆。而现行“托福”中只有一对一的长对话。 4、新“托福”听力中有多选题，例如四个选项中选两个；而现行“托福”中只有单选题。 5、新“托福”中出现了“细节是非题”，根据所听到的内容判断若干细节正确与否，即：YES or NO；还有一种是变体是“细节图表题”即对相应的细节进行连线或填表。例如：将三个事件按时间顺序依次添入表格中。 6、新“托福”中题干部分经常出现“why”开头的题目，说明考官更加注重对于内容的理解而非记忆。而现行“托福”更加强调对于细节的记洹?br /> 7、新“托福”中，考生在听完整篇文章之前是看不到任何问题或选项的；但在现行“托福”中可以一边听一边看选项。 二、语法部分 新“托福”中没有专门的语法测试，只是在写作部分通过评分标准来强调语法的重要性，学生会由于语法错误在写作部分中丢分。 三、阅读部分 新“托福”的阅读部分是变化最小的一部分，几乎感觉不到实质的变化。但与现行“托福”相比，还是具有以下几个特点： 1、新“托福”共有三篇文章，每篇文章630—670字，12—13道题，共40道题，共费时25分钟。而现行“托福”共5篇文章，50道题，费时55分钟；显然新“托福”对于学生的要求比以前要高出许多。 2、每篇文章长达六段之多，而现行“托福”通常只有3—4 段。 3、新“托福”中出现了一种“句子入位题”，也就是说，文章中有四个空位，从中选出一个最合适的空位将一个句子填入。 4、新“托福”中每篇文章最后一题都很独特，出现了一种从未有过的“重要观点题”，是多选题，而且值两分。所谓的“重要观点题”就是从5—6个备选答案中选出2—3个表达了文章最重要观点的选项。 5、由于是机考，在每篇文章题目全部作完后，不能再回去。在一篇文章习题全部作完之前，本篇文章其他习题答案可以修改。 四、口语部分 这部分几乎就是TSE的加强版 口语部分分为五部分： （1）前三部分均为独立议题，准备时间为30秒，演讲时间为1分钟；演讲内容类似于一篇口头的TWE作文。 （2）第四部分为“先听后说”，即先听一篇长文章或长对话，然后基于所听到的内容，用原文的细节和自己的理解去口头回答考官提出的若干问题。此部分准备时间为1分钟，演讲时间为1分半钟。 （3）第五部分为“先读后说”，即先读一篇长文章或长对话，然后基于所读到的内容，用原文的细节和自己的理解去口头回答考官提出的若干问题。此部分准备时间为1分钟，演讲时间为1分半钟。 五、写作部分 写作部分有三种题型 （1）第一种为“先听后写”， 即先听一篇长文章或长对话，然后基于所听到的内容，用原文的细节和自己的理解，写一篇文章去讨论或分析考官提出的若干问题。此部分共用时15分钟， 须写出125—200字。 （2）第二种为“先读后写”，即先读一篇长文章或长对话，然后基于所读到的内容，用原文的细节和自己的理解，写一篇文章去讨论或分析或解释考官提出的若干问题。此部分共用时25分钟， 须写出175—250字。 （3）第三种完全是TWE，须在30分钟写出300字。 |
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TOEFL复习笔记（语法笔记） 总叙： 1． 句子结构（句法）及书面表达（书面语） （1题1分） 2． 在语法改错中：alike-like another-other do-make special- especially 3． 情态动词，在TOEFL考试中永远不错。 …are could… √ 虚拟语气，在TOEFL中永远不考。 具体词汇： first在改错中划线，永远不错。 The first sb to do sth 第一个做…的人 purpose: The purpose of sth is to do sth 做…的目的 语法题的考试比重： 句子结构考填空（15条） 词法考改错（25条） 填空部分： a） 先找句子分段点（即连词、分词、介词和标点），将句子分成几段，选择要 读的那部分，即只关注与空格相关的部分。 1. 连词与标点：eg：《语法》P192 10 分词与标点：eg：《语法》P192 15 介词与标点：eg：《语法》P192 11 2. 句子：简单句 s+v. 复合句 主语+从句录 （任何句子只看一半） 并列句（分句+分句） sentence;sentence.（只看一半） sentence and/or/but sentence.（只看一半） b） 简化句子 (eg:《语法》P192 1) 简化原则：1、ad、冠词、数词随时可以划掉不看 2、修饰n.的a.或者分词随时划掉不看 3、prep短语随时划掉不看 4、做状语的分词短语（位于句首或句尾），随时划掉不看 5、与空格无关的句子划掉不看 c） 分析句子结构、判断空格中所缺句子成分 捷径：可直接套用固定句型与结构（eg:《语法》P192 8） 倒装句型：倒装部分的首字为助动词或系动词。 1．句子成分 主、谓、宾、定、状、补、同谓 状：修饰谓语 定、补、同谓→主、宾 d） 区分4个选项，结合句意与语感确定选项，确定答案 思路：句子→简单句→主干→判断缺少成分→选择答案 2．状语：prep状语 状从 独立结构、n.+doing、n.+done inf doing/done 分词 3．固定结构 《语法》P192 12 4． 固定结构 《语法》P192 12 …forms…,___,required elements. 即：sub,插入语,v+obj. 插入语：定从或者省略定从 定从省略：在定从中，sub+系动词，可以同时省略，即which be / who be / that be可省 √插入结构的答案标准形式 1． 定语从句或者省略定从 2． n.作主语同谓语 3． a.短语/分词短语/介词短语 eg：a)Bill Clinton,(who is省)the former president of the U.S.A,loves L. 《语法》P193 12 c)Pandas,(which are省)native to China,are loved by the people all over the world. (形容词短语) 4． 填空的固定结构与句型 a）主句专一结构：（《讲义》P6 1 2） 任何句子只有一个主语，句子间必须有连词连接 eg：句子，句子。X（此结构误） 句子；句子。√ TOEFL语法中之考陈述句，任何从句均正常语气。 b）谓语专一结构：（《讲义》P6 2 4） 任何句子只有一个谓语，谓语间必须有两次连接 eg：主谓…谓…. X 主谓…，谓…. X c）平行结构：（《讲义》）P6 5 6）（新题 P59 3 4） A and/or B A,B,and/or B 各元素必须一致 Sentence 1, sentence 2, sentence 3 and sentence 4. √ （排比句） d）宾语从句结构：（《讲义》P6 7 8 《讲义》P21 91.8.10） indicate、state等动词后面第一反应为that引导的宾语从句，即： sub+Vt+that+clause，所以indicate、state等Vt后面第一反应是找that。 e）what结构：（《讲义》P7 9 10） 1．缩合连接代词 what= the thing that/all that thing由句意决定（《讲义》P7 9 10） 2．What在前后句中必须同时做成分 what= the thing that 3．n.+what X what前面永远不要先行词 4．prep.+what+完整句(s.+v.+o.) X →which 5． What is now √ (新题 9710.13) 可有可无的插入语 6． what little（不可数） what few（可数） (新题 98.10.14) what little = the little sth that what few = the few sth that 7． what引导的句子等于一个名词，且可以作sub或者obj，或表语 what+v = the thing (that+v) 8． what 90%以上的出题方式： prep___v.：介词与谓语间用what （讲义 P7 9） Vt___v.：及物动词与谓语间用what（讲义 P7 10） f） prep+which结构：（讲义 P7 11 12） 1．S+vt+n.+which+vt+o. (which做主语) 主句 +s+vt（which做宾语） √ which+不完整句 2．S+Vt+n.+prep.+which+s.+v.+o 主句 完整句 √prep+which+完整句（句子+prep+which+句子） 连接两句子 √句子___句子。*可优先选择prep+which或in that 定于从句与同位语的区别： 1．定从：sub+vt+n+that/which+不完整句 关系代词 同位语：sub+vt+n+that+完整句 连接ad. 2．定从的先行词是任何词，同位语的先行词只有：见《讲义》P23 94.8.6 3．定从与n的关系是修饰关系，同位语与n的关系是说明名词内容。 g） in that结构：（讲义13 14） in that= because 因为 in that：连词+原因状语 但是in that不位于句首，句子+in that+句子，但是because可以位于句首。 答案中只要有in that,一定是选项。 h） 同位语从句：（讲义15-19） 同位语：主语同位语/宾语同位语→ n. 说明或者解释主语/宾语的某一属性/特性 1．主语同位语的三种位置： 1）主语同位语：主+谓+宾：n, sub+v+o 位于句首的孤立n，只能是同位语 eg：A famous GRE expert,Micheal Yu is a good teacher. 解题方法：由主语同位语找主语（讲义P7 15） 2）主同：主，n. ，v+obj （讲义 P7 17） 主，主同，谓宾 3）主同+主+谓+宾（没逗号） eg：The teacher Feanklin has taught TOEFL for three years. 2．宾语同位语的两种位置： 1） 主 谓 宾，宾同：s+v+o , n 位于句尾的孤立n，只能是同位语 （讲义 P7 18 19） ad+同位语（n）√ eg：Once a famous seaport, Shanghai is become a large city. 2） 主谓宾+宾同（不用逗号） （逗号可有可无） eg：新题：P275 9 i） adj的并列结构：(讲义 P7 20 21) an old red car √ an old,red car √ a red,old car√ a red old car X 当几个a.排成一列修饰同一个n.时，a.间不并列，则有明确的顺序。当几个a排 成一列修饰同一个n.时，a.间并列，则没有明确的顺序。逗号连接两个a.，并且 并列。 j） 比较级结构：（讲义P7 22-25） Franklin plays tennis than LQX.（省略性）√ LQX does.（对称性）√ does LQX.（倒装性）√ 1） 对称性：在比较结构中，比较对象一定要对等。 √eg：The climate of Alaska is much coller than that of Texas. 在比较结构中优先考虑选择that / those / the one，而不选it / them，因为 that / those / the one是泛指，it / them是特指。 （讲义 P7 24 25） *比较对象一定要泛指。 China has a long history than Japan. 不用its 2） 省略性：(讲义P7 24 25) 在比较结构中，相同的谓语可以省略，尤其是be动词带省 eg：He is a little old than I (am). 3） 倒装性：在比较结构中，than后面可以倒装也可以不倒装，但考试中是倒装 形式。（讲义 P7 23） k）定语从句的省略结构：(讲义 26 27) 1． 如果that / which在定从中作obj，可以省略. sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt →s+vt+n+s+v s+vt+n1+n2+vt *当做题时，若发现两个名词在一起，但是似乎连不上，则一定省略that / which，则动词为vt，做谓语。 2． 定从的特殊省略（新题 P92 13） the way (in which) + 句子 the reason (why that)+句子 均为完整句 the time (that / when)+句子 I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweatest voice in the world. By the time省that+句子，句子。 3．定从的主系省略（主+系可同时省） 即：which be , who be , that be可同时省 （讲义P7 17） *在新题中难题常与which be的省略有关（新题 P196 15） l）状语从句的省略结构：（讲义 P8 28 29） Although (it is)native to Europe, svo. Although (she was) affluted by…svo. Even though (it is) costly,svo. 省略条件： 1） 特定的状语从句引导词：although though even though when while if as 2） 从句为主系表结构 3） 从句主语与主句主语一致。 Alought (主+系)+表，主谓宾。 省略方式： a） 可以同时省略主+系→连词+表语（a. 分词 svo） b） 主系必须同时省 c） Alough / Thouth / While / If / As / When +（系表）+a./分词，svo √ 一定是答案 m）doing结构：（讲义 30 31） doing现在分词→ a./ad.作定于/状语 动名词→ n. 作主语/宾语 eg：1）Stranving troop have to surrender. 现在分词修饰n.，翻译为“…的” 2）Transforming faw materials into useful products is called maufacturing. （Transforming：动名词） 具有动词特征的n做主语或者宾语，但同时又可接宾语，动名词与n为动宾关系， 中心词为v-ing，翻译为“…的行为”。 3）Starving troops is forbidden, sharving是主语，单数，谓语动词用is 不用are *在TOEFL中： ____n.(pl.)+v.(sing)，一般空格内优先选doing （讲义 31） n）make结构：（讲义31 32） make+obj+宾补 obj：n/代词 宾补：n./adj. 1） make+n1+n2 make the boy president (班长) 2） make+n./代词+a. (新题 P78 11) make it unique it:真宾语 3）make it possible to do it：形式宾语 （讲义 33） that +句子 4）make sth possible sht:短宾语 possible宾补 make possible sth sth长宾语 possible宾补 （新题 32） o）the more…the more结构 标准句式：the more sub+v1 the more sub+v2 ！）对称性：结构中的n.前必须有限定词 the more the +n1 the more the +n2 2）省略性：结构中相同的谓语可省，尤其是be动词可省 3）倒装性：The more svo , the more svo .是一个复合句。 条件状从 主句 因此从句不能倒装，而主句（第二个the more）可倒装。 p）表结果的伴随状语从句结构： （讲义 36 37） svo,doing….伴随状语 表结果：thus / thereby → svo,thus / thereby +doing… *thus / thereby 后不一定加doing *as f ar / long / early as 出现即为答案/ many / much q）adj短语做后置定语结构：（讲义 38 39） *==等价于定从的省略 a door (close to the window) 省略which be a distance (equal to twice) n1+(a.+prep+n2) adj短语 foods (high in fat) √ leaves (rich in suger) √ n1+which be（比较级+than+n2） 相当于从句的省略 a temperature (highter than 50C) r）adj最高级的省略结构： （讲义 40 41） the most improtant of all books the most elaborate of all birdnests the+a.最高级+单数n. X +of 复数n. 一样错 *单数n.必须省略，则the+a.最高级+of+n.(pl.) n.(可代替)→ ad. X / v.过去时X a. n.(sing) of √ *the a.原级 of+ the restfulof X the poor of √ s）不规则动词的过去式作谓语结构：（讲义 42 43） She set set-set-set It cost cost-cost-cost It spread spread-spread-spread t）规则动词的过去分词作后置定语结构 （讲义 44-46） 46条：Automatons programmed… 非谓语，整个句子少谓语 lack a. be lack of vi. be lack in vt. Sub+lack+obj *如何判断n+v-ed是谓语还是非谓语？ eg：n+called call-called-called We called him Bush. 主动，过去式，谓语 He was called Bush. 被动，过去分词，谓语 …a boy called Bush? 被动，过去分词，后置定语 根据主/被动确定，主动语态为过去式，被动语态为过去分词，被动式中有be即 是非谓语。 *n+v-ed，先从逻辑上判断名词与动词过去式的关系，主动为过去式，是谓语， 考试时留下，被动是过去分词，没有be，则是后置定语，考试时划掉不看。 u）逻辑主语结构： （讲义 47-50） 1） Doing…,svo. Done…,svo. 动作的发出者/承受者为逻辑主语，*位于句首做状语的分词短语的逻辑主语，也 就是句子的主语。（47） 2） n1+doing…,n2vo. n1+doing…,n2vo. 分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，即为独立主格结构，在n1前可加with / without 3）(n2)prep+n1,svo. （讲义 49 / 新题 P104 10） 前后主谓要一致 4）Alough +doing…,svo. If+done…,svo. 位于句首，做状语的分词短语显然可以加状语从句引导词alough though even though if as when while eg：When traveling in New York, Tom met many intrersting people.. 5）To do…,svo. Inf的逻辑主语与句子主语可一致也可不一致： eg：To made stereo effects, two recordings are made the some performances. 6）Alough to do…,svo. X If to do…,svo. X 位于句首做状语的inf前不可加状语引导词。 *when to do,句子。X 句子，when to do. X 在TOEFL中，when to do一般不选。 v）宾补法则：（讲义 51-54） We appointed him +CEO. (CEO：宾补) 主 谓 宾 宾补 （主动） He was appointed +CES. 主 谓 主补 （被动） 主动为宾补，被动为主补。 补语：使句子完整。 宾补：某些vt接obj后，句意不完整，必须加一个n或者adj，所加的n.或者adj， 即为宾补，分词也可以。这些vt为：appoint, elect, consider, name, call, make. 1） elect：主动：sb/sth elect sb sth. 被动：sb be elect a)+职位 +to+机构 c)+to+the office of+职务 2） consider：在TOEFL中，从不说consider as 主动：sb / sth consider n1+(to be)+n2/a.宾补 被动：n1+be considered+to be+n2/a.主补 *consider+n1+n2在考试中优先选择。 3）name 主动：sb/sth name sb sth 被动：sb be named sth 4）宾语后置：（宾语太长） make sth possible = make possible sth bring sth to sb / sw = bring to sb /sw sth bring sth together = bring together sth bring sth to light揭示…，发现… = bring to light sth w）it结构 （讲义55-57） *___ n. (新题P183 15 / 讲义 57) 答案一般选sub+谓语，优先选择there be,一定不选it is /they’re，it is不 位于句首：It is a book. X一般TOEFL中考： 1） 强调句型 It’s / was +被强调部分+that / who +其余部分 被强调部分+其余部分=句子。 a） 可强调主语、宾语、状语，但是不可鄙强调定语、谓语。 b） 强调人时，that / who均可，其余均用that c） 后面句子为过去时态，用was，其余用is *___ who…,___that… (讲义 55) 优先选择it is / was +ڤ 2） 形式主/宾语 it+be+adj/分词+ to do it：形式主语 that clause eg：It is easy to pass TOEFL. It was once believed that+句子 形式宾语：s+vi+it+adj. / 分词+ to do / that clause. It:形式主语 sub+make+it+possible+to do / that x）which引导定从的三种形式： 1） sub+vt+n+which+sv2 / v2o *which不一定指最接近的n. (j讲义 P9 58) 2） s.+vt+n.+[prep+which]+svo. (讲义 59) *prep+which+vo X → prep+which+svo √ 3）SVO, 数/n. +of which + VO 主语 谓语 对部分进行解释 * all both SVO， each _____ VO. either five five persent three quater 这类题一定选of which. y）倒装结构：一般考1~2条，在第13~15之间 （讲义 62-67） 原则：只有主句才可以倒装，答案的首字母一定为系动词。 1． 否定ad位于句首，引起倒装：not only, not until, haedly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, no sooner…than 1） not until + 时间 + 主谓倒装，not until + 句子+主谓倒装 2） only+状语位于句首 only +ad. eg: recently prep.短短语 eg: in recently years 从句 eg: when clause only一个词本身不倒装 3） 形容词短语/分词短语位于句首，引起倒装 adj+prep+n.+系动词+n. 表语 系 主 *typical of characteristic of 分词短语+prep+n.+系动词+n. 表语 系 主 *coinciding with + n 4） so位于句首 （so…that…） sub+be+so+a.+that clause so+a.+be+sub+that clause 5） 表示地点范围的介词短语位于句首，谓语动词为系动词，一定引起倒装 In…（表语）+系动词+主，主同。 （新题 P144 14） *在倒装句型答案中不能出现there *常考介词要倒装：among between in at beneath 常考的系动词：be lie exist remain rest 6） 在比较级结构中，than后面可以倒装，也可以不倒装。 7） as位于句中： eg: Jerry is a good teacher, as are his family. as在句中 Jerry is a good teacher. So are his family. so在句首 z）双谓语结构： （讲义 72-76） ___ v1(从句谓) + …… + v2(主句谓) 结构特征：两个谓语直接在一起，第一反应应为主语从句。 即：主从引导词+sv1o+v2o 1． 主语从句引导词+主语从句 V1+…+V2 （90%） 2． Doing+宾从引导词+宾从主语+v1+…+v2 3． N.+of+what+v1+…+v2 二十七、双宾语结构： （讲义 77 新题 P196 13） 1． gain win earn sth gain / win / earn+sb+sth 2． tell persudade sb tell sb that+句子 sb persuade sb that+句子 3．give grant (新题 P130 12) sth give sth sth sth/sb grant sb/sth sth 4．Appoint hame call elect consider make *v2+n1+n2 优先选择 二十八、讲义 68-71 1． Like / unlike + n , svo. 2． Pioneer in 只考被动 3． What to do what不要obj How +句子 how要有obj What one says. How one says it. What to do. (what is pron) How to do it (how is ad) 注：在讲义上P21 91.5.8加：which, whereas *在空格前为完整句，空格后为名词，95%以上的空格是定语从句 S+Vt+n.+定语从句（95%） |
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改错部分： a.改错题做题要点： 1． 语法与句意并重，一定要通读全句 2． 一边读句意，一边思考划线部分的语法知识点是否正确 b.改错题出题方向： 一、名词： A、名词做定语的单复数问题： 1． 名词做定语，即n1修饰n2, n1必须为单数。（讲义 P1 10） a twenty-four hour period √ 例外：a greetings card √ a savings bank √ a communucations satellite √ a sports car √ a sales girl √ a systems engineering √ 2． many woman修饰名词，单复数与后面的名词的单复数一致，比如：women boxers （讲义P1 11） 3． the highset scientific lab X a chemical lab X a mathmatics(n.) professor √ a biological textbook X 当表示某一学科的教授、学生、教科 书、实验室、系等教学要素，应该用名词修饰，而不是用形容词。eg: a physics student the scientific and technical field (用形容词因为field不是教学要素) B、限定词与名词单复数：（讲义P1 4） 1． some / any / all 单复数均可，可数不可数均可 如：some kind 某一种 some kinds 某些种 some time some money any of the books / some of the books →any / some作代词 Would you like some coffee?(想要得到肯定的回答) 2． Many + pl Much +/Λ / （见讲义P1 3） As much as 2,000 kms. √ 永远作单数 As many as 50 precent of the income. X precent /Λ / As much as 50 precent of the income. √ 2000 kms is a long distance. √ many are… by many… many也可以作prep (讲义P1 13) 3．few / a few 可数，肯定 （讲义P1 2） little / a little 不可数，否定 （a）few +n.s 4．each / every 单数，可数 eg each ten boys √ each major styles X each major style √ 5．数词 / several + pl. five aircraft √ several settings √ several + n.s 6．one of+pl （讲义P1 7） among+pl (讲义P1 11) 7．first / only / simple 单/复数均可 the first school 第一所学校 the first schools 第一批学校 the only university 唯一的大学 the only university 唯一的几所大学 single: a single +n.(sing) / no single +n.(sing) 也可pl: two single rooms 8．another+sing （复数也可以，但不多） other + pl （单数也可以，但不多） anyother +sing another two boys other part t the other+sing / pl any other state = any of the other states 9． Hundred / thousand / million数量词=数词+量词 five thousands pieces X → five thousand piece （five:数词 thousand 量词） 一亿本书：hundred millions books X hundreds million books X hundreds millions books X (a) hundred millions books √ 数 量 10．a number of + pl + v(pl) （讲义P1 8 9） the number of +pl+v(sing) 11．Various / diverse / numerous +pl. C、可数与不可数名词： 1． 常考的可数n. （讲义 P23 5） a chance discovery 一个偶然发现 population:人口数/Λ / 各地的人口数/c/ 人群/c/：a sample population make great efforts to do color effects a clue 一条线索 an amount of + /Λ / 2． 常考的不可数名词： (讲义 P10 1) a. 流体：air smoke oil water… b. 总称名词：poetry foliage… [集合名词：family people police…+are] c. 抽象名词：wisdom knowledge information… d. 自然现象：sunlight darkness weather rain…[但是：a heavy rain 前有 adj.，raindrop雨滴，可数] e. 颗粒装物体：rice salt parder（颗粒）… f. 疾病：measles mumps diaheties… g. 学科：讲义 P10 2 statistics:统计学，不可数；统计数据，可数 3． 常考的不规则单复数： （讲义P10 3 4） *tooth划线，这个答案一定错。 foot-foot 单复数一样：步兵 horse-horse:单复数一样：骑兵 4． 常考的单复数同形的名词：（讲义P11 4）： *a mean这答案一定错。 5． 单复数名词意义有差异： mean：中庸，均值-means：方法，手段，财富 water：水-waters：水域（water加s一定不错） part：部分-parts：部分，才能 other part:其他部分，以免歧义。 good：好-goods：货物 force：；力，力量-forces：武装部队 custom：风俗习惯-customs风俗习惯，海关 spectacle：光景-spectacles：眼镜 arm：手臂-arms：武器 6． 既可数又不可数的名词：（讲义P21 91.1.21.n.c.&u.） rock：大块岩石，可数；小的岩石，不可数 suger：方糖，可数；沙糖，不可数 area：面积，不可数；地区、区域，可数 collection：由同种物品构成，不可数；由不同种物品构成，可数 eg: his art collection /Λ / his three collections of short stories /c/ time：时间，不可数；此数、倍数，可数 *当不可数表示种类的时候，就是可数的。 可数/不可数的区别：有无可数的概念，抽象（不可数）还是具体（可数） advertising /Λ / advertisement /c/ the meaning of life /Λ / 生命的意义 their lives /c/ 他们的生命 二、冠词 （讲义P1 12-23） A、不定冠词 （a与an划线80%错） 1． a与an的混用：（讲义12） 发音而非字母 a university a unit a unique an undergradute an understanding an atom an emotion an electrical lamp an hour an honest boy an herb a yawn 2． a与pl.n.的连用 出题方式：a/an+adj+pl.n an outstanding boys X an outstanding boy √ 3． 不定冠词的遗漏：（讲义 14） ①固定词组中a的遗漏 a set of a serics of a piece of a variety of a group of a wealth of a wide range of a collection of ②单数可数名词，前面必须有限定词 It is book. X It is good book. X It is very good book. X It is a very good book.√ 限定词：冠词a an the 人称代词his her… 指示代词that this… 所有格 Tom’s… 不定代词any some… I have times.√ 规律：⑴v+单数可数名词 X …is still practical medium…X …is still a practical medium…√ …operated sewing machines …hired women form grid X→…form grids/a grid ⑵prep+sing./c/ X （讲义 16） …the manufacture of automobiles …of hamid areas …in poor neighbouhoods …through falling raindrops 例外：all cells differ widely in function“在功能方面”，不可数。 in color in science等 *in+sing.n.表示在某一方面，某一领域，某一行业 in stage：在舞台这个领域 part of = a part of （讲义 P1 17） 在考试中，part划线，永远对 ⑶（a /the）founder of 表示职位、身份、亲属关系的名词可以单独使用 …is chief of Little Bush,son of George Bush,is running for the office of president. ⑷固定词组的名词可以单独使用 in response to in honor of…都对 ⑸(新题 P58 29) 表示各类的名词后所接的名词，可以单独使用，不用加定冠词或变复数。 type of sort of kind of |
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B、定冠词 1． 表“独一无二”的事物前加the the Sun. the Moon (the)earth The Summer Palace 2． 叙述词：只有做前置定语修饰名词，才必须加the the first university 陷阱：①Utah ranks first among… 不是前置定语 rank first among词组 ②A is second only to B. A仅次于B。 3． 最高级：只有做前置定语，才加the（新题P67 29） the most handsome teacher Pandas are most plantiful in China, 做定语，不用定冠词。 陷阱：most的非最高级不一定要加the.(讲义 23) 4． 表示“开始”“结束”一定加the （讲义 19） 5． 表示“人体”“普通人”加the （新题 95.8.40） 人体：the human body 普通人：the average person , the common person 6． 城市名、洲名、国家名不加the (国家的联合名词除外，如USA) in Paris = in the cith of Paris in Texas= in the city of Texas 7． 河流、湖泊、海洋，前加the the Changjiang River winds from the Atlantic Ocean 8． Nature 1） 若是指在自然界 in nature 不加the 2） 特指…of nature 本质的，发自内心的 faith of nature nature考试时一定不加the 9． 一般气体前不加the (除非有特定范围) the nitroger X the nitroger of the box √ 学科前面不加the the astronomy X 元素前面不加the the copper X the matal copper √铜牌，间接加可以 10．history 1） 泛指“在历史上” in history，不加the 2） 特指“某种历史“，in the history of Suzhou University 11．most的用法 ①代词，“大多数” most of +n.(必须特指) 单数 复数 不可数 most of the mammals 这些哺乳动物的大多数 most前不用定冠词，但是名词前必须用定冠词。 ②adj.“大多数的” most+n.（泛指） 复数 / 单数 most mammals 大多数的哺乳动物 most 及名词前都不用定冠词。 ③ad.修饰形容词或者副词的最高级，加the the most beautiful girl 最漂亮的女孩 ④ad.修饰形容词或者副词，表示very a most beautiful girl = a very beautiful girl most often = very often eg 1. _a__William’s books.(特指) a. most of b. most 2. _b__ ballet dancers.(特指) a. All of b. All all of 与all和most og、most用法相似。 ⑤most & mostly区别 the mostly intense of … X …be composed most of water …X most: adj. / pron / ad mostly: ad. 大多数的，修饰prep/ v mostly：adj修饰名词，ad修饰形容词和副词 12．乐器前加定冠词（但中国乐器不加，洋鬼子的乐器才要加） play the violin play erhu(二胡) 三、代词：（讲义 P2 24-32） TOEFL中，代词的错误率非常高 1． 代词间五种形式的混淆 主格he↔宾格him←反身代词 himself ↕ ↨ ↑ 所有格his 名词.self (箭头为改错方向) ①名词前应该使用所有格（新题 P92 27） eg Who style X → whose style make she debut X → make her debut ②反身代词（改为宾格） 反身代词必须与所在句子主语一致 （讲义 24） eg He killed him. (他杀)宾格与主语不一致 He killed himself.(自杀)反身代词与主语一致 ③双宾语结构、名词前不一定是所有格 eg His studies is genentics won him prices. √ 双宾语 ④self自我、本我，n. → 出现在哲学中，self划线永远错。 2． 代词的单复数的混用 （讲义 25） it→them its→theirs that→those he→them one→those himself→ themslves 3． them & those, it & the one的区别（讲义 27） them与it特指，they与the one泛指 4． 代词的性别的混用 （讲义 28） 5． 代词的人与物的混用 it / he… 6． 关系代词的混用： a． who代人，that代人/物，which代物。*一般考点为who / which（讲义 30） b． who代人，主格；whom代人，宾格；whose代人/物，所有格。*一般考点为 who/whose（讲义 31） 7． 从句引导词（讲义 19 36） ①从句引导词：代词性：在从句中做成分，代词+不完整句 who / whom / that / which / how many 形容词：whose / how much / how many *在句中不做成分，ad+完整句 ad.：if / because / why / when… that即是代词性，也是副词性引导词 *that的用法： a）that ⑴关系代词用于定从，在从句中做主语或者宾语。 …n.+that+不完整句 ⑵连接副词，用于主从，宾从，表从和同位语从句。在从句中不做成分 …that+完整句 b）that省略 ⑴在定从中，that做主语可以省略。That+be可以省略。 ⑵在宾从中，某些及物动词后可省：say/ see/know /here /think /believe /betold /understand / propose / hear ②prep+which+不完整句 X prep+what+完整句X when+n（孤立）X n+what X whose +v. X where+v. X ③状语从句引导词+完整句 ④介词+which+完整句 连接副词（that）+完整句 ⑤如果先行词中有序数词、最高级、不定代词、only中，只用that不用which 8． 从句：从句是主句的一个句子成分，从句=从句引导词+句子，从句引导词表 明从句的位置。 ㈠主语从句：从句是主句的一个主语 sub clause+v+obj 从句引导词+句子+v+obj → 标准形式 That TOEFL is a piece of cake is known to all. ㈡宾语从句：从句是主语的宾语 主语+谓语+从句 sub+vt+从句引导词+句子→ 标准形式 We known that TOEFL is a piece of cake. ㈢表语从句：从句是主句的一个表语 主+系+表 sub+系动词+从句引导词+句子→ 标准形式 The fact is that TOEFL is a piece of cake. ㈣状语从句：从句是主句的一个状语 状语。Svo. 从句引导词+句子，句子.→ 标准形式 *引导词决定句子的性质,如if是条件从句,when是时间从句等. ㈤同位语从句：从句是主语的同位语 主语+谓语+宾语+从句 完整句 sub+vt+obj(n.)+从句引导词（ad）+句子→ 标准形式（宾同） We know the fact that TOEFL is a piece of cake. ㈥定语从句：从句是主句的一个定语（以宾语定语为例） s+v+n+从句引导词（代词）+不完整句→ 标准相识 We know the fact that is not known to Jerry. 四、介词（讲义33-43） 1、through / throughout through 穿过（某一具体物体）：through the earth 通过（某一具体方式）：through x-ray analysis throughout +时间：贯穿 throughout his lifetime/their existense +地点：遍布 throughout the world =all over the world = all across the world 2、between / among the distance between the stars / trees. √ distance表示两者的距离 among the two separate realms. X among三个/三个以上之间 3．In / inside / into → 动态的，强调动作、过程 air into a house X→ air in a house shot arrows inside the sky X → shot arrows into the sky in/inside表示静态的，强调的状态 into commerve X → in commerve 4．In / for / since （与时态有关） in：时刻点 in 1979 过去时 时间段 in recent years （完成时）/ in two days（将来时） for：介词+一段时间：for three years （完成时，过去时） 连词： 自从，因为 并列连词：不位于句首，句子，for+句子 since：介词+时刻点：since 1954（完成时）“自从” 连词：自从 因为（常考）+原因状语从句 since+句子，句子 副词：与完成时连用，表从过去的某个时间或某个事件至今 与过去时连用=ago Tom died many years since… √ 5．of考法：多余、遗漏、误用：A common use with gold is…X with→ of prep → of , of → prep. With强调某种工具的使用，of强调所有关系 6．by be done by 被动语态的标志 by doing通过…方才… 作品by作者 / 电影by导演 / 研究by研究人员 7． 固定搭配（3-4个） 五、动词（讲义44-73） ㈠谓语动词 1． 主谓一致（与插入语无关） 1主谓的分隔原则：主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔。 s1→vo 2定语从句中的主谓一致：…n1+that+v …,one of +n(pl)+that+v(sing) / v(pl) 通常 …,the only one+n.(pl)+that+v(sing) …,n1 of n2 +that+v(由动词发出者决定) 3随前一致： n. + together with n2+v与n1&n2一致 as well as including along with with / of accompanied with / by 4就近原则：n1 or n2 +v（就近原则） either n1 or n2 neither n1 nor n2 eg: He or we are… Is he or we…? 5可数n1 and 可数n2+v(pl) 不可数n1 and 不可数n2+v(pl) 例外：war and peace is… war and peace是一个整体 表示一个整体的两个名词例外，类似的还有：law and order bread and butter black and white To love and to be loved is … A lawyer and a teacher are… A lawyer and teacher is … 6随后原则：not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(与B一致) 7百分比结构：most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persent of+n1+v.（由n1决定） 数词与谓动无关 8倒装结构的主谓一致： a）There be +n 由名词决定动词 b）Among , between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构： Among / Between …+系动词+n. （由名词决定动词） 9The+adj的主谓一致： a）当表示“一类人”，则+v(pl) The rich are always ridiculous, b）当表示某一抽象概念时，则+v(sing) The good is always attractive. 10To do/doing/主从+v(sing) *More than one+n(sing)+v(sing) many a +n.(sing)+v(sing) a day or two +v(sing) news不可数，抽象 economics不可数，学科 mumps不可数 species由句意决 定 draughts不可数，跳棋 2． 谓语动词的时态与语态： 时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时 prep(in/for/since)→时间→时态→动词形式 矛盾（考点） 语态问题：：只考陈述句，情态动词在TOEFL中永远对，嘘拟语气在TOEFL中也不 太考。 *89-96年的虚拟语气共考过4次：（新题 P91 10 P65 10） sub+insist / require +that +s+v sub+make +it+impertive that+sub+v 主被动语态是TOEFL中的重点：句意，by，动词用法。（讲义P3 61）在TOEFL中 have done by一定错 3． 常考的谓语动词：（讲义 58） ①常考主动态的动词：prove: vt+obj / vi+to be +n. / adj. eg: My advice proved to be wrong. √ (主动表被动) prove / seem / occur / take place / rank / range / weigh / measure / date(date back to)…都是主动表被动 ②常考被动态动词：（讲义 59） *locat在TOEFL中常考被动 eg: Bats can locat the obstacles. “确立…位置” My school is located near a river.“位于” *concerned be ~ with compose be ~ of compared be ~ to / with 在TOEFL中to/with一样 noted be ~ for based be ~ on known be ~ for / as / to eg: Li Ao is known for his books. Li Ao is know as a writer. Li Ao is know to us. decicated be ~ to do 被用于…、被题词… / to doing 致力于…事业中 credited be ~ with（因）（被认为）导致了…/有利于…（果） for to （果）归功于…，归因于…（因） called be ~ … ③主动=被动的词： hatc=be hatched feed on=be fed on face=be faced with need/want/require need doing=need to be done’ ④情感动词：（讲义 60） please annoy move surprise 都有“使…”的意思 please:主动：be ~ing （物）使人高兴的 sht be ~ing 被动：be ~ed （人）被使得高兴 sb be ~ed move: Franklin is so moved. The story is so moving. ㈡非谓语动词 1．现在分词与过去分词的区别： 主动 被动→后置定语/状语→90% 进行 完成→前置定语 →10% 动作 状态→不考 eg: the boiled water 开水 the boiling point 沸点 2．现在分词与过去分词的用法： ⑴可以位于句首/句末做状语，正确与否取决于主被动 句首：Doing…, svo. 主动 （讲义 66） Done…, svo. 被动 句末：svo, doing… 主动 （讲义 65） svo,done… 被动 ⑵可以位于名词后，做后置定语修饰名词，且等同于定语从句。正确与否取决于 主被动 n+doing… 主动 （讲义 58） … people claming to… 主动 n+done… 被动 （讲义 58） … reports received … 被动 eg: the sites occupied by early human… 被动 *常考的+doing的动词： mean enjoy finish mind celebrate forgive tolerate suggest advocate quit delay avoid escape spend be capable of play a key role in keep/prevent from have difficulty in have trouble/a hard time/a problem in 3．关于不定式的省略用法： ⑴help to do = help do help sb to do = help sb do ⑵使役动词：let make have bid后的inf必须省to let sb do make sb do have sb do have sth done bid sb do sth吩咐… 做… ⑶感官动词：see watch notice heat后的inf必须省to see sb do sth see sb doing be seen to do/be seen doing 被动 4． Inf固定用法： ⑴做某事的“第一人”：the first sb to do ⑵（讲义 68）表“允许”“迫使”的动词后接inf allow sb to do permit sb to do force sb to do cause sb to do enable sb to do allow the fruite to ripen allow the ripening of the fruit ⑶表示“倾向”的形容词或动词后接inf tend to do attempt to do be more likely to do/that be inclmed to do be intended to do be liable/apt to do易于… ⑷表“目的”的名词后接inf做表语 the + purpose / goal / aim / objective / intention / reason / function+of sth is to do sth ⑸与接不定式的动词或者形容词，同词跟的名词后也接不定式 able to do → ability / enable to do decide to do → decision to do attempt (v.) to do → attempt(n) to do （讲义 71） be ambitious to do sth → ambition to do sth try to do → make afforts to do sth 5． Inf的其它形式： 1）将来式： 主动：be to do 被动：be to be done eg: China is to be one of the most important countries in the new century. * to be done & done的区别： the surface to be glaued 表将来 the surface glwed 表完成 2）完成式： 主动：to have done 被动：to have been done 表示不定式的动作发生在谓语前 eg: I am glad to see you again. 动作同时发生 I am glad to have seen his sons yesterday. am glad表示现在的动作 to have seen表示昨天的动作 3）The problem is easy to solve. The problem is difficult to carry out. 在easy difficult hard simple等形容词后的不定式主动表示被动 |
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六、形容词的比较级与最高级：（讲义 P4 74-81） 考点：形容词的词性混用，两个近义形容词的混用（small pressure→low pressure）(讲义P22 92.5.36)，原级、比价级和最高级的混用，词序问题。 1．形容词的比较级与最高级形式上的重复： eg: more sreater X most easiest X lesser…than X 2．形容词比较级与最高级的混用： ⑴more… of all +n(pl)/in the world/among… 这里的more错，more→most ⑵most…than X → more…than eg: Pennsylvania has the more institutions of higher learning than any other state. ⑶常考的修饰比价级的词： a little a bit slightly far (more) much (more) still (more than) a lot (more than) eg: be much abundant in…X → very so much close to …X → very much&very：much修饰比较级，very修饰原级，不可以互换 very/much…be much attracted by…√ ⑷形容词原级与比较级的混用： adj原级…than X → adj.比较级 less+原级…+than as+原级+as 同级比较 ⑸the most often X → most / very often more conect X more perfect X 绝对/极限形容词或者副词，没有比较级、最高级，如：round vertail othen perfect unique empty wrong absolutely等 例外：the most perfect √ 表示极其完美之意，由口语引入到书面语 ⑹倍数表达法： a 倍数+as+a.原级+as Tom is three times as old as Jerry. （Tom的年龄是Jerry的三倍） The care is threee times as deep as the building is high. b 倍数+more than Tom is twice older than Jerry.. c 倍数+n.+of （名词为比较的方面） Tom is three times the age of Jerry. d 倍数+that / those of His weight is three times that of mine. That of=as much as ⑺定冠词the与比较级的关系： Alarska has the lower temperture than Texas. X →Alarska has lower temperture than Texas. *比较级前可以加the,.但得有对照，比如：the newer…the older… eg: The taller boy is much more attractive than the shorten one. *the +adj-er+of+the two +pl. eg: Tom is the taller of the two boys. Joans is the fatter of the two girlsfriends of Bill’s. ⑻the与最高级的关系： a Flies live longest in cold weather 副词最高级前通常没有the b 当形容词最高级做前置定语修饰名词时，加the the largest school c 当形容词最高级做后置定语时，不加the a design most similar to that one d 形容词最高级做表语时，the可加可不加 This is where the river is deepest. The consumers considers the best fmit (to be) that which is the most acteacture. that=that fruit，代词 e 所有格可以代替the修饰最高级（讲义 P4 81） f earliest的三种用法： 1）“早期”，n. … from the earliest of Tang Dynasty. 2）形容词原级，“很早，非常早” from earliest times/ages 从远古年代 （可以不加the） 3）形容词最高级 the earliest language(s) is/are… ⑼…or more结构 thirty-five years of age be older X → thirty-five years of age or older 一英尺以上：an inch or more √ an inch or more than X an inch or be in more X 七、平行结构（讲义P4 87-89） 由平衡连接词连接的两个以上的对等对象构成 ㈠平衡连接词： 1． 单一式：and but or 2． 短语式：as well as other than rather than instead of would rather…than instead of 3． 相关式：from…to between…and not…but from…until either…or （引导从句） weather…or(引导从句) such as as…as the same as not only…but also neither…nor ㈡平行式： 1．A and B not A but B A as well as B… 2．A, B ,and /or C（常考） A,B,as well as C 3．A, B and C（不常考） ㈢平行的性质：一致性问题 1．词性平行（讲义P4 84） city and regional planning *在平行结构中，词性必须一致，但是无同义形容词的名词例外，如city没有同 义词（urban不表示“城市的”意思“） eg:local, state, and national government 2．时态平行：时间决定时态，在平行结构中，时态可以不一致也可以不一致， 如果时间相同，则时态同；时间不同，时态也可以不同。 3．单复数平行：在平行结构中，单复数可以一致也可以不一致，一致与否取决 于客观事实及上下文 4． 结构形式的平行：a.+n doing to do v+obj done 5． 语意的平行： Dallas,Texas,has become a international hub of bank,fashion.manufaturing and transportation. X →bank改为banking (讲义 P20 89.8.35) 6．排列位置的平行： 主语 not only 谓语 but also 谓语 not only+主谓（倒装）+but also 谓语 X → Not only 主谓（倒装）+but also +主谓 √ 八、词性的混用（25条改错中占6-8条）（讲义 90-96） 1． 做表语：n / adj / ad的混用： 表语：限定词+n. / 形容词 / 分词 / 介词+n，可做表语 ⑴be+ad. X → be + adj. √ ad,永远不做表语。 ⑵be+n.（抽象）→ be+adj. 抽象名词永远不做表语 eg: The books are no use. X 抽象名词不做表语 have no use.√ are not useful.√ are of no use.√ prep+of+抽象名词=形容词 ⑶be+n+prep→ be+adj+prep be fame for X → be famous for √ ⑷are typical concerned with X → are concerned with be +表语，表语唯一原则，只能用一个表语，出现两个表语，要把一个改为副 词： be completed closed X → be completely closed 2．做定语，名词与动名词的混用 原则：同义名词比动名词优先 eg: food supplying X time and laboring X 名词与动名词的区别：（讲义 P5 96） 名词做宾语，其后不可以接宾语。动名词做宾语，其后可以带宾语。 *动名词前可加the，但加the后变成纯粹的名词，因此其后不可以加宾语，常接 of eg: the learning of English the making of any work of art 3．状语引导词与近义介词或者副词的混用： 1）when / which（连词+时间状语）与during / in（介词+宾语）的混用。 *when/which+n.（孤立）X 例外：When/Which (he was) a young man, Humin had several books published. |
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机考实战词汇大全 A a matter of speculation (思索，推测，投机)= supposition (speculation的同义词) abstract = concrete 文中找反意(抽象的---具体的) accomplished = achieved accordingly-consequently (文中有强烈因果关系) accumulate—— collect/press down， （它在原文的句子是the diamonds accumulate in the 什么地方，是因为它的什么什么的特点） accurately achieve-subject (文中选) added=extra( 答案还有continuing) adjacent--nearby Adjusted = modificated (adjusted adj.调整过的 ) Adhere-stick together Admit (permit to enter) =let in Advance = improvement advent--introduce（不确定）(advent n.(尤指不寻常的人或事)出现, 到来) adverse，我选negative (Adverse adj.不利的, 敌对的, 相反的) affluence=wealth afford——provide/purchase/originate/require alert allure-attract Ambition-goal AMENITY=FACILITY(amenity: n.宜人, 礼仪) answer: facilities anchor=hold in a place anonymous Annually = yearly antecedent --predecessor apart from--except for apparent——obvious appeal——attraction apt aptly = appropriately arbitrarily = without any order array=range (array n.排列, 编队, 军队, 衣服, 大批 vt.部署, 穿着, 排列) ascribed to——assumed to be true of ??? (ascribe to归功于; 认为是...的作品) ---- answer: assumed to be true of as well---in a ddition(其它的有：as good as,at the same time,for the reason, 我选IN ADDITION) atmosphere = air attachment to —preference for (attachment:附属物，附加装置；附件;依恋，爱慕，情感一种情结) attest give evidence to attendant—— accompanying (attendant adj.出席的, 在场的,随行的,伴随的, 附随的) Attribution—character available——obtainable avenue (大路，手段方法) = means B BANKS-EDGES barriers (barrier n.(阻碍通道的)障碍物, 栅栏, 屏障) barrier---obstacle barren----empty barting---trading beckon= invite beckoning=inviting (beckoning引诱人的, 令人心动的) beckoning=inviting beneficial——advantageous biting Sharp BLOCKED=Confined boom——expansion (boom:使迅速发展boost，成长，繁荣，暴涨，发隆隆声) boost ——raise (To increase; raise:增加；拔高) boundary--border breakthrough -improve Breed = reproduce (breed v.(使)繁殖, 教养, 抚养n.品种, 种类 ) brilliant——bright brisk budding== by-product的意思，budding (adj.萌芽的, 发育的, 少壮的n.发芽)找有unexpected词的句子 C camouflage——hide CANOPY capital-指钱 catastrophic=extreme cautions-----careful ceding cerebrated- famous certain chisel==carve classic——typical close——careful (其他选项为 final/instant/restricted) n. 结束 clustering -gathering collective ? Colonize- habited camouflage - hide commemorate——celebrate confine——limit (confine vt.限制, 禁闭n.界限, 边界) consequently——therefore / thus Considerable----Important 文中:keep for considerable periods of time ,选项有Important和Long considered consists of ? be made up of ------？= CONSEQUENTLY consistently= regularly Constant ---- stable constituent——component (constituent n.选举者, 委托人, 要素adj.有选举权的, 组成的) constraint--restriction continual = constant continuous Converge 汇合 convert core - central idea coveted-----desired correspondence == harmonies一致 counter of = in the opposition of counterpart ——version (counterpart n.副本, 极相似的人或物, 配对; version n.译文, 译本, 翻译) counterpart - equivalent couple——associate (couple n.(一)对, (一)双, 夫妇vt.连合, 连接, 结合vi.结合, 结婚) Critical = significant critical ——important critical ——essential convert——transform coveted == desired customary D dangle——hung hang daring —— bold debate——argue decline vi.下倾, 下降, 下垂v.拒绝, 衰落n.下倾, 下降, 下垂, 斜面, 斜坡, 衰败, 衰落) decretive (adj.命令的, 法令的, 具有法令效力的) delibarete delineate = trace (delineate vt.描...的外形, 画...的轮廓, 勾画;?述, 描写) (trace n.痕迹, 踪迹, 微量, 迹线, 缰绳vt.描绘, 映描, 画轮廓, 追踪, 回溯, 探索vi.上溯, 沿路走) delusion-can not concentrate (delusion n.错觉) Dimension -- size deem---consider demand=need demise--decline (demise n.死亡, 君权的转移或授与, 让位, 禅让vt.让渡, 遗赠, 转; dence--thick densely-- thickly deposit---place Dependable (考其反义词) descent - decline (后代) designed determining--calculating（句中选） Detractor = critic (detractor n.诽谤者, 恶意批评者) detrimental——harmful devoid=EMPTY devoted to——dependent on/concentrated on/related to 发明和entrepreneurial risks were devoted to the..... which has no certain profit. dichotomy---- division dichotomy名词，意为：一分为二 diffuse——travel diffusion (笔试：diffuse = travel) (diffusion n传播，流传;扩散，弥漫) Disappear -- Vanish, fade, to stop existing dispute——argument disruptured distinguish = notice from the difference distinct-different(文中找） distinctive Distribute = spread disturb—upset diversity——varied Dominate Rule, control, govern Drab---- dull Dwindle = decrease durable=lasting E earnest (adj.认真的, 热心的, 重要的n.真挚, 定金, 认真, 热心) ease (n.安逸, 安心, 不费力, 悠闲 vt.使悠闲, 使安心, 减轻, 放松 vi.减弱, 减轻, 放松, 灵活地移动) elaborate adj.精心制作的, 详细阐述的, 精细 vt.精心制作, 详细阐述 v.详细描述 embedded——encased (embedded adj.植入的, 深入的, 内含的) emerge--appear emphasize ---选项是PRESS/CRITIC? employ=use Emit --- Release, Send out, discharge enable-permit enclosure——surrounding ENCOMPASS-----INCLUDE endangered ( 将要绝种的) = abundant（反义词，句中选） engage = involve endue---follow enhance ——improve or enlarge enormous——凶暴的，巨大的 Enrich = enhance 选项里有 enhance/conceal/enlarge (Enrich vt.使富足, 使肥沃, 装饰, 加料于, 浓缩) entail----involve entail: vt.使必需, 使蒙受, 使承担, 遗传给 enter--go into entire (adj.全部的, 完整的, 整个) environment = ecosystem era——period Erratic (不稳定的，古怪的) = irregular essentially adv.本质上, 本来 Established establishment——formation (establishment n.确立, 制定, 设施, 公司, 军事组织) ( formation n.形成, 构成, 编队) etch = cut exacerbate=intensify ----2月高频 exceeded = surpassed exceedingly ? extremely (exceedingly adv.非常地, 极度地) exert——cause (exert vt.尽(力), 施加(压力等), 努力v.发挥, 竭尽全力, 尽) execrate exhibit (n. v. 展示，陈列)= feature (展出、公开 = emphasize， display, publicize, ) （句中选） Expanse (笔试：expand = increase) expanse (n.宽阔的区域, 宽阔, 苍天, 膨胀扩张)(此题我考到过,是考区域之义) expendable——unprofitable (expendable n.消耗品, 可牺牲的,可花费的,可消耗的,不值得保存的) expertise---skill (是从段子里找) exploit-我好像错了，我选的relocate,好像应该是use.--高频应是 use explored (explore v.探险, 探测, 探究) expose to——subject to (expose...to 使...受到, 使...朝向...; 使...接触...) (subject to在...条件下; 常遭...; 易受...的侵袭; 受控制; 服从...的指挥) express = communicate expressed——communicated (A. Communicated, B. increased). 特地查了一下，express有rapid的意思，expressly却没有 (some concerns about forest are expressed till early 1900. expressly 1) specially (2) rapidly,我也不知道是哪个，我选了specially (expressly 的语境是 the few percentage of the ice expressly was made for carve ice) (expressly adv.明白地, 清楚地; 确切地, 明显地；特(意)地; 专门地) exotic ?rare extensive extensive=far-reaching Extraneous ( 无关紧要的，外来的，inessential, from outside) ? = extreme even——already 恰好，正当 在But, even by the end of时间...,..... Evenly = equally (evenly adv.均匀地, 平坦地 ) Eventually=Ultimately evoke=stimulate F fast (go without food) (not sure !!!, donot affect you adversely) favorable=popular feature = characterize finding (n.发现, 发现物, 决定, [律]裁决) feeble=weak Fix=attach Flair 天赋, 敏锐的洞察力 flourishing——thriving flavor flocking flourishing - prosperous formerly == In the past former = previous for instance=for example forage==feed fragment——break up fragmentary=incomplete fringe=border G game——animals gap(笔试：gap 缺口 ， 裂口 = opening) Generate 产生, 发生= giant---dwarf Gigantic-huge Given = particular 居然有special/particular两个选项,答案是particular, sure. (given: adj.赠予的, 沉溺的, 特定的, 假设的) gleaming=shining graciousness H hamper——make difficulty hamstrung harsh =drastic harness = utilize hasten-accelerate haul (拖拉, 拖运 )= pull hazard=danger / risk hearten----encourage heed——notice heighten——increase Heightening (提高，升高) = increasing hence =therefore (hence adv.因此, 从此) hider = interfere ???? (笔试：hide = conceal) hold —— propose hold——keep up hollow n.洞, 窟窿, 山谷 adj.空的, 虚伪的, 空腹的, 凹的 adv.<口>彻底vi.形成空洞 vt.挖空, 弄凹 host——great number 世纪末19世纪初美国制造业的革新.其中有一题 tailors, butchers and a (host) of trades began to…) Hub 中心=center Hydroelectric (adj.水力 发电的 ) heighten——increase I illusion n.幻想 immediately = closest( 说类人猿是人类最近的进化祖先) immense adj.极广大的, 无边的, <口>非常好的 impair impetus=stimulus imposing- enormous Inaccessible ? unreachable inauspicious——unfavorable in and of themselves (not sure)= alone in charge of == responsible for incidental——minor point (incidental adj.附带的, 伴随的, 非主要的, 偶然的, 容易发生的n.伴随事件, (用复数)杂项、杂费) incoherently 无条理的 inconsequence Incorporable= Included (Incorporable adj.可结合的, 可包含的 ) incorporate——include indemention ??? {可能是Ingemination(vt. 重申)/ indemnification(n.保护, 保障, 补偿, 补偿物)} indicating = suggesting /assuming (我选前一个) indigenous----native (in the context) induce: generate/determine我选的determine inevitable ----unavoidable in earnest=seriously in fact ingenious adj.机灵的, 有独创性的, 精制的, 具有创造才能 ingenuity n.机灵, 独创性, 精巧, 灵活性 ingenuity—— resourcefulness (resourcefulness n.足智多谋) Inhabit -- Live inhibit ——hindered (hinder adj.后面的v.阻碍, 打扰) Control, limit, restrain inimical---unfriendly----2月高频 in keeping with==consist with initiate =begin innocent (adj.(～ of) 清白的, 无罪的, 天真的, 无知的) innumerable = countless In quantity——in a large amount of inroad (n.(突然)袭击、侵犯, 攻击(upon, on, into);[常用复]损害; 侵蚀; 花费(into, on) inscribe-- written Instant = moment (adj. N. 片刻，瞬间) intangible (adj.难以明了的, 无形的) intensify-strengthen intimidating 威吓, 胁迫 intricate----complicate in spite of that : HOWEVER invade —— move into (invade vt.侵略, 侵袭, 拥挤) invaluable——highly useful (可能是选反义词？) invaluable = precious Invariably = always J jeopardy=threaten jolting ——shocking Judge (判断，评价) = estimate K keeping with=? 选项：consistent of/free of/fill with/ key——significant L lack——without laden---loaded landscape=scenery launch = start linked——connected luxuriant=thriving( 答案还有moist) |
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M magnitude——extend maintain-continue make sense ? 我选 logical mammoth-----huge 注mammoth做adj时=巨大的 mask = disguise MASKED 伪装的，隐藏的，潜伏的 masked mastery的形容词形式 ----expert matched=equaled/compared我选的equaled matter文中issue mean --- signify (还有一选项intend) means=method memorable---noticable merit (n.优点, 价值v.有益于) Meticulous ===careful Milestone = significant events ( in the context) (select in whole paragraph, spend much time for this one) migrant - --movement milestone——significant development minutely adv.详细地, 精密地 minutely——finely minute ——tiny minuscule——tiny misnomer=wrong name model：（1）theory (2) method 不是很确信， 我选了 theory (model:的语境是 the rocks have different the models of origin) model--form/frame (我选的form) modification——alteration(另有clarification), monitored——observed Moreover—additionally moreover=in addition( 答案还有thus) monopolize form --dominate monotonous——boring Mosaic == Things considered together as a pattern motive (n.动机, 目的 adj.发动的, 运动的) motif--pattern (motif（艺术作品的）主题，主旨,图案,主题曲 (亦作：motive) (pattern n.模范, 式样, 模式, 样品, 格调, 图案 vt.模仿, 仿造, 以图案装饰 vi.形成图案) mounting N nature——character 易混选项origin notable---a: REMARKABLE b : DISTINGUISHED, PROMINENT note--record notion-general idea notwithstanding ——despite O obscure=conceal 答案有干扰选项diminish obscured-- conceal obtain ——acquire occasion-event outlet 出口，出路 oozing--To flow or leak out slowly, as through small opening opulence outbreak = sudden increase（improved, upsetted, 另两个我忘了） outdo Outstanding Noticeable P pace-speed parcel out= distribute(parcel out分给, 分配) pare away --- remove (pare away [off]削去(边, 角, 皮等); 减少(支开等) Partial=uncompletely Pattern = match, imitate (n. 式样, 格调, 图案 vt. 根据图形模仿，仿造 Perforate---打孔(回来查的) periphery---edge perishable - likely to spoil perspective, n.透视画法, 透视图, 远景, 前途, 观点, 看法, 观点, 观察 Pinnacle = high point pioneer Pledge (保证, 誓言) = Promise pore——hole portion pose==present??? (pose n.姿势, 姿态v.(使...)摆好姿势, 形成, 引起, 造成vi.摆姿势, 佯装, 矫揉造作) potential——possible preeminent--foremost Prominent== noticeable property-character Prestige== The respect and importance a person prey prosperous=== wealthy, practically (几乎，差不多) = nearly practical/predictable/great-----p*midable(practical, not very sure)? came from a article: the American army in 1776, ----conquer pumidable difficulties---- pragmatic prohibited = extremely ??? prohibitively--extremely premise = assumption Premise =assume前提 v. 假设 prestigious -- good regarded prevail--triumph Principal = dominant principle (two times) 1 noun form i guess means—— rule principal——main proximity——closeness procurement——obtain Procure===obtain proliferate---grow in number procure ( 获得，取得 acquire, obtain/ 实现，完成 = bring about, effect, procure a solution) primitive== early prior ----- past predicament=== difficult situation predicament——serious situation protruding——projecting protrude = extend presumable——probably (presumable adj可能的；可推测的) primary——dominant previously——before Previous = Past pronounced——strong pronounced--significant; pronounced-distinct prospered== succeed punctual punctual----没有直接对应选项(carefully(my key 表示时间精确 not sure) （punctual:精确的，准时的，点状的） purchase==grip vt.买, 购买 n.买, 购买 当时选了 benifit，认为是好处之意，现在想来，还是grip（抓住）更好 R Radical (基础的，根本的) = fundamental (radical = drastic) radical——extreme radical——extreme (radical:根本的，激进的，极端的(extreme)) radical == fundamental (Radical :基础的，根本的,激进的) radical = =drastic ramification——consequence rare-scarce rather than = instead of record redundancy regard for ---attention to remarkable——incredible remedy—cure refine== Improve, refreshing——unusual (refreshing:提神的,新鲜宜人的，与众不同的) refuge relevant--applicable. remote——far away reserve == save reserved == saved Resume === begin again revibrate revolutionous——quick discarding revolutional ——quick discarding/(我选了change，回来查字典发现我错了) revolution——dramatical change rich---high (eg: fuel rich in ) rigorous——demanding rigorous schedule = demanding (rigorous 严格的，严厉的 demanding 要求高的，苛求的 如 ：a demanding job ) ritual n.典礼, (宗教)仪式, 礼节 adj.典礼的, (宗教)仪式的 ripe=mature Rival = competitor roster=list rot -- decay Rudimental=== basic rupture——burst S sacred--holy Scarce---abundant (opposite) scarce--a little supply scatter-distribue scorching——exceeding hot scrap =fragment scrupulous 审慎的, 完全的, careful secure = obtain seek seep＝pass through slowly selected--paticular SELECTED=CHOSEN Sequent---later set in motion = start (使 开始运转， 如 set the plan in motion) settle down severe--harsh share = proportion (proportion 比例, 均衡, 面积, 部分vt.使成比例, 使均衡, 分摊) shield——protect shield away from——avoid shrink < > spread(反义) shift shortage (反义词) SHORT LIVED-PERMANENT（文中反义词） shrink---spread(opposite) significant—— meaningful (obvious is not right) silhouette =outline (silhouette n.侧面影象, 轮廓) simultaneous == at the same time singularly——particularly site——location situation 位置, 情况, 职业 , (电影)场面 sizeable --- large slightest 最轻微的 slightly--------选项有perfectly, extra snap——break soaked——absorbed sole-single sole-only solicit==request sophisticated (文中选) complex a matter of speculation (思索，推测，投机)= supposition (speculation的同义词) sparingly 节俭地 (adv.节俭地, 保守地) sparse ==rare sparse,文中找反义词 rich spawn——create specified : stated speck - particle (斑点) split——divided spike ? =striving (strive v.努力, 奋斗, 力争, 斗争) spontaneous = unplanned spot——identify sprang up = abruptly arose spur——stimulus staged staggering=== Stunning （staggering 惊人的，巨大的） staple--important Startling-Surprising stay stem from --- grow out of Still=Nevertheless stint 紧缩节省 =limit，hindered stipulate-require stunning = dramatically(不?定) 都在句中? (stunning: very surprising, very impressive ，另人印象深刻的; dramatically: 有戏剧表现力的，引人注目的) stunned——hindered stunt v.阻碍...发育, 妨碍...生长, 作惊人表演, 使绝招 n.发育迟缓, 矮小的人(或物), 惊人表演, 绝技 sturdy = strong stylus---pen subsequent (后来的，随后的) = later subsistent---exsist subject to = vulnerable to succumb, succession----series (succession n.连续, 继承, 继任, 演替, [农业] 轮栽, 连续性) suited to-appropriate to suffering------(选项：resist,reduce,?,?) sumptuous——luxurious supplant = replace supply Susceptible to (容易….的)== prone to swell---expand T "tangible"---physical tangible = material teasers (爱戏弄人的人) teemed with——were full of temporary--- permanent(原文中找反义词) tendency==inclination therefore---in that purpose therefore ----- consequently thumb (n.拇指vt.以拇指拨弄, 笨拙处理, 弄坏, 翻阅, 作搭车手势vi.用拇指翻书页) tip 舌尖 (tip n.顶, 尖端, 梢, 倾斜, 轻击, 末端, 小费, 秘密消息 vt.在...顶端装附加物, 使倾斜, 使翻倒, 暗示, 轻击, 给, 泄露, 给小费 vi.倾斜, 翻倒, 倾覆, 踮脚走, 给小费 n.提示, 技巧) transition---change transition=move tracts (of land) = area (tract n.广阔的地面, 土地, 地方, 地域, (解剖)管道, 小册子) ?=take advantage of transfer ? move tricky (狡猾的，棘手的，difficult) through--by type== kind U unavoidably-inevitably undergone——experienced (undergo vt.经历, 遭受, 忍受 undergone: undergo的过去分词) undertaken=attempt undertaking—task Underlying = inner (underlying adj.在下面的, 隐含的 ，implicit 如 underlying meaning) underpin=foundation underpinning (基础, 支柱, 支撑 a support or foundation) uneven ---- rough （uneven不平的，不齐的） uniform universally——without exception unqualified =complete; (不合格的，无限制的，绝对的) unrestricted——unlimited untrusted＝have no confidence unvaluable (choice :precious, worthless  i selected precious utilitarian =functional (文中选) (utilitarian adj.功利的, 实利的, 功利主义的n.功利论者 ) V variability==tendency to change vast——immense (vast adj.巨大的, 辽阔的, 大量的, 巨额) vast——great vastly-great vehicle——means (vehicle n.交通工具, 车辆, 媒介物, 传达手段) verity vestige-remnant vexing = difficult (not sure) (vex: 使恼怒，使痛苦, puzzle, annoy) via-by the way of vigorous = strong (vigorous adj.精力旺盛的, 有力的, 健壮的) vivid--bright (vivid adj.生动的, 鲜明的, 鲜艳的, 大胆的, 清晰的, 活泼的, 逼真的) vociferous----- 选spoken out volatile-- (adj.飞行的, 挥发性的, 可变的, 不稳定的, 轻快的, 爆炸性的) W wary——cautious way station——stop (way station n.<美俚>(铁路或公共汽车线路上的)小站) witness = observe wear——use (wear:n.穿戴，使用穿戴的动作或穿戴的状态；使用;穿破，磨损因使用或磨损造成的逐渐损坏或减少 vt.穿, 戴 v.(～ out) 磨损, 用旧, (～ out) 穿着) wedge whatever ——in any case/ at any rate/at all event whereas-while wield--- using withstand-tolerate withstand==persist >avoid/persist? 原文是：...brick withstood the weathering for a long time... withstand=resist witness = observe wonder- surprise word--information; worn out wreak Y ？= yet 选项还有however / in addition. yield——provide (yield v.出产, 生长, 生产 vi.(～ to)屈服, 屈从n.产量, 收益) |
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TOEFL机考听力，阅读背景知识放送 生物 3. SQUID The squid breathes through gills, and may emit a cloud of inky material from its ink sac when in danger. The circulatory and nervous systems are highly developed. The eye of the squid is remarkably similar to that of man—an example of convergent evolution, as there is no common ancestor. Some deep-sea forms have luminescent organs. 4. SEA The distribution of marine organisms depends on the chemical and physical properties of seawater (temperature, salinity, and dissolved nutrients), on ocean currents (which carry oxygen to subsurface waters and disperse nutrients, wastes, spores, eggs, larvae, and plankton), and on penetration of light. Photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, and cyanobacteria), the primary sources of food, exist only in the photic, or euphotic, zone (to a depth of about 300 ft/90 m), where light is sufficient for photosynthesis. 5. 8. 11. ANT Typically they include three castes: winged, fertile females, or queens; wingless, infertile females, or workers; and winged males. Those ordinarily seen are workers. Whenever a generation of queens and males matures it leaves on a mating flight; shortly afterward the males die, and each fecundated queen returns to earth to establish a new colony. The queen then bites off or scrapes off her wings, excavates a chamber, and proceeds to lay eggs for the rest of her life (up to 15 years), fertilizing most of them with stored sperm. Females develop from fertilized and males from unfertilized eggs. The females become queens or workers, depending on the type of nutrition they receive. The first-generation larvae are fed by the queen with her saliva; all develop into workers, which enlarge the nest and care for the queen and the later generations Leaf-cutter Ant’s Feeding Habits: Cultivation is practiced by certain ants that feed on fungi grown in the nest. Some of these, called leaf-cutter, or parasol, ants, carry large pieces of leaf to the nest, where the macerated leaf tissue is used as a growth medium for the fungus. Most leaf cutters are tropical, but the Texas leaf-cutting ant is a serious crop pest in North America. Ant Hill: All species show some degree of social organization; many species nest in a system of tunnels, or galleries, in the soil, often under a dome, or hill, of excavated earth, sand, or debris. Mound-building ants may construct hills up to 5 ft (1.5 m) high. Other species nest in cavities in dead wood, in living plant tissue, or in papery nests attached to twigs or rocks; some invade buildings or ships. 在寒??的森林地?，地底的?度一般都比?低，因此木?便?大部分的?巢建?在地面上，一方面可?少因地面潮?所??的寒?，另一方面也能增加?光照射的面?。 6. CICADA Their life cycle takes 17 years in northern species (the so-called 17-year locusts) and 13 years in southern species; the two types overlap in parts of the United States. The female deposits her eggs in slits that she cuts in young twigs. In about six weeks the wingless, scaly larvae, or nymphs, drop from the tree and burrow into the ground, where they remain for 13 or 17 years, feeding on juices sucked from roots. The nymphs molt periodically as they grow; finally the full-grown nymphs emerge at night, climb tree trunks and fences, and shed their last larval skin. The winged adults, which generally emerge together in large numbers, live for about one week. Cicada larvae do little damage, but when adults appear in large numbers their egg-laying may damage young trees. Cicadas are sometimes kept for their song in Asia, as they were in ancient Greece. 14. MANGROVE Mangroves produce from their trunks aerial roots that become embedded in the mud and form a tangled network; this serves both as a prop for the tree and as a means of aerating the root system. Such roots also form a base for the deposit of silt and other material carried by the tides, and thus land is built up which is gradually invaded by other vegetation. Some mangrove species lack prop roots but have special pores on their branching root system for obtaining air. The mangrove fruit is a conical reddish-brown berry. Mangroves have been harvested destructively on a large scale; the bark is a rich source of tannins, and the wood is used for wharf pilings and other purposes. 18. GIRAFFE 19. DOLPHIN The dolphin has a dorsal fin that runs the length of the body and a forked tail. Their powerful, horizontal flukes, or tail fins, drive them through or out of the water, while their forefins and dorsal fin are used for steering. They feed on a variety of fishes, especially flying fish, which they sometimes pursue by leaping out of the water. The U.S. navy has trained dolphins to act as messengers to underwater stations, to rescue wounded scuba divers and protect them from sharks, and to seek and destroy submarines, using kamikaze methods; this last project has met with considerable public criticism. 20. LICHEN usually slow-growing organism of simple structure, composed of a fungus (see Fungi) and a photosynthetic green alga (see algae) or cyanobacteria living together in a symbiotic relationship and resulting in a structure that resembles neither constituent. Lichens commonly grow on rocks, trees, fence posts, and similar objects. Lichens require no food source other than light, air, and minerals. They depend heavily on rainwater for their minerals and are sensitive to rain-borne pollutants. Before the discovery of aniline dyes, lichens were much used for silk and wool dyes. Others have been used in perfume manufacturing and brewing. 23. BEES A typical colony consists of three castes: the large queen, who produces the eggs, many thousands of workers (sexually undeveloped females), and a few hundred drones (fertile males). At the tip of a female bee’s abdomen is a strong, sharp lancet, or sting, connected to poison glands. In the queen, who stings only rival queens, the sting is smooth and can be withdrawn easily; in the worker bee the sting is barbed and can rarely be withdrawn without tearing the body of the bee, causing it to die. The workers gather nectar; make and store honey; build the cells; clean, ventilate (by fanning their wings), and protect the hive. They also feed and care for the queen and the larvae. They communicate with one another (for example, about the location of flowers) by performing dances in specific patterns. The workers live for only about six weeks during the active season, but those t |
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TOEFL写作例子集 TOEFL写作例子集 --摘自肖锁章老师《机考托福写作讲义》 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tel: 416-335-0188 Address：4455 Sheppard Ave. East Suite 216 （Brimley & Sheppard) 北美国际语言学院 [说明] 对于大部分国际学生和新移民来说，写作最大的问题不是打框架，而是充实框架中的内容。因为，TOEFL写作的套路比较明显，只要我们有了合适的模子，TOEFL作文的框架还是比较容易上手的。快的学生3个小时的课程就解决问题了。但是，用什么样的例子去充实我们的内容，使我们的文章不显空洞呢？中国学生找不到例子，想不出例子是普遍问题。为了帮助大家解决这一问题，我们按照TWE的185个Topics的顺序，将同学们认为最不好写的Topics的思路告诉大家。 本例子集只是想给那些希望短时间内写作得高分的同学起一个抛砖引玉的作用，切不可教条化。同时，假如大家对TWE各Topic的内容有什么好的想法，好的构思，请告诉我们，以便让所有TOEFL考生分享。（给www.EasyEnglish.ca写信） 北美国际语言学院为广大TOEFL考生准备有《185篇TWE作文范文大全》；每个Topic大约选了3-4篇范文。希望大家到北美来免费借阅。 1. People attend college or university for many different reasons (for example, new experiences, career preparation, increased knowledge) Why do you think people attend college or university? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Career preparation: a) Courses designed to meet the market requirement Instructors are knowledgeable and have hands-on experience c) Classmates and friends are invaluable resources for the future career 2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the best teachers. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Agree. Parents are the best teachers 1) Parents know us most because of relations and time that we stay together 2) The earliest education came from parents when we were little kids. We are more likely to accept the instructions from our parents. 3. Nowadays, food has become easier to prepare. Has this change improved the way people live? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Yes. 1) Save time 2) Nutrition balance 3) More convenient---- everyone can cook 4. It has been said, "Not everything that is learned is contained in books." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why? Comparison and contrast: From Books: wide, systematic, scientific but hard to be used and not impressive From experience: direct, impressive and practical but limited Choose book: 1) Save time; 2) Avoid making same mistakes. 3) Systematic knowledge. 5. A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near your community. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community. Do you support or oppose the factory? Explain your position. Advantages: 1) employment opportunity 2) economic boom Disadvantages 1) pollution 2) safety problems 6. If you could change one important thing about your hometown, what would you change? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer. Change pollution: 1) For people's health 2) Attract more investment 3) Living environment 7. How do movies or television influence people's behavior? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer. 1) The sources of 'information 2) More entertainment 3) People, especially young people, mimic movie/television stars' behavior 8. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television has destroyed communication among friends and family. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. Disagree. 1) Friends: television programs are an important source of topics 2) Family: the family will watch TV together and has more time to communicate 9. Some people prefer to live in a small town. Others prefer to live in a big city. Which place would you prefer to live in? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. In a big city 1) More working opportunities 2) More information 3) More convenience 10. "When people succeed, it is because of hard work. Luck has nothing to do with success." Do you agree or disagree with the quotation above? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position. Disagree 1) Although success comes a lot from hard work, hard work is not the only key factor for Success 2) Get a job; 3) Become a star 11. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Universities should give the same amount of money to their students' sports activities as they give to their university libraries. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. Agree. 1) Sports is as important as library 2) Appropriate sports can help students to get more energy and study hard 3) Sports can help build team spirit 12. Many people visit museums when they travel to new places. Why do you think people visit museums? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 1) Museum is a microcosmic of a country or a city 2) Since a traveler's time is limited, by visiting museums he can maximize his knowledge of the new place. 13. Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Prefer to eat at home. 1) Economical, saving money 2) Keep nutrition balance, cleaner 3) Cook and eat with the family: family atmosphere. 14. Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer. Required to attend classes 1) Instructors can help direct your study, solving problems. 2) Push you to concentrate on study 3) More time to stay with your classmates and build up your network 15. Neighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion, what are the qualities of a good neighbor? Use specific details and examples in your answer. 1) Quietness 2) Friendly 3) Honest 16. It has recently been announced that a new restaurant may be built in your neighborhood. Do you support or oppose this plan? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. Support: 1) More employment opportunities 2) Community economic development 3) Living more convenient 17. Some people think that they can learn better by themselves than with a teacher. Others think that it is always better to have a teacher. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons to develop your essay. Have a teacher: 1) Solve difficult problems, saving time 2) A good teacher is a good friend 18. What are some important qualities of a good supervisor (boss)? Use specific details and examples to explain why these qualities are important. 1) Trust the subordinates 2) Capability to solve problems 3) Prediction 19. Should governments spend more money on improving roads and highways, or should governments spend more money on improving public transportation (buses, trains, subways)? Why? Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay. More money on improving roads & highways 1) Road is the prerequisite of buses and trains 2) My country's (Iran, China, Japan, Pakistan etc.) current situation: very bad roads 3) Road & Highway improve economics 20. It is better for children to grow up in the countryside than in a big city. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to develop your essay. As #9 21. In general, people are living longer now. Discuss the causes of this phenomenon. Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay. 1) Medical technique develop 2) Living environment becomes better 3) Food nutrition 22. We all work or will work in our jobs with many different kinds of people. In your opinion, what are some important characteristics of a co-worker (someone you work closely with)? Use reasons and specific examples to explain why these characteristics are important. 1) Trust 2) Honest 3) Easy-going 23. In some countries, teenagers have jobs while they are still students. Do you think this is a good idea? Support your opinion by using specific reasons and details. No. 1) Too young to work: not good for growing 2) Limited times, for teenagers, study is more important 24. A person you know is planning to move to your town or city. What do you think this person would like and dislike about living in your town or city? Why? Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay. Like: 1) Commercial center, libraries: easier to study and find a job 2) Convenient transportation system 3) Fresh air, good environment, good security system etc. Dislike: 1) Too many people and too crowded 2) Too few good restaurants 25. It has recently been announced that a large shopping center may be built in your neighborhood. Do you support or oppose this plan? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. Similar to # 5 26. It has recently been announced that a new movie theater may be built in your neighborhood. Do you support or oppose this plan? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. Similar to # 5 27. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should sometimes do things that they do not enjoy doing. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Agree. 1) Responsibility and obligation 2) The life is not always moving forward smoothly 3) Point out the negative side of only doing something that they enjoy doing. 28. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television, newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities. Use specific reasons and details to explain your opinion. Disagree. 1) Most people are common, so they want to know something about famous ones 2) Famous people stand for some fashion 3) Constrain the public figures 4) Celebrities can improve the national cohesion and unity. 29. Some people believe that the Earth is being harmed (damaged) by human activity. Others feel that human activity makes the Earth a better place to live. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Harmed. 1) Air pollution; 2) water resources; 3) forest 30. It has recently been announced that a new high school may be built in your community. Do you support or oppose this plan? Why? Use specific reasons and details in your answer. Support: 1) Employment 2) bring in the cultural environment 3) benefit children' a education 31. Some people spend their entire lives in one place. Others move a number of times throughout their lives, looking for a better job, house, community, or even climate. Which do you prefer: staying in one place or moving in search of another place? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion. Staying in one place. 1) Moving again and again wastes time and money, bringing extra work 2) Family and job responsibilities 3) Moving means that you can't predict your future. Start from zero (take Canadian immigrants as example) 32. Is it better to enjoy your money when you earn it or is it better to save your money for some time in the future? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. To save money for the future 1) China's (or any other country's) incomplete welfare system can't cover a lot of things, such as .... 2) Buying house, car, pay for children's tuition fee 3) Need some money for the emergency |
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