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wgcui

铁杆木虫 (著名写手)

[资源] 【资源】骨磷灰石梯度等级矿化经典文献（生物矿化经典）

Bone: Nature of the Calcium Phosphate Crystals and Cellular, Structural, and Physical Chemical Mechanisms in Their Formation

Melvin J. Glimcher

Calcium phosphate is the dominant solid mineral phase within the skeletal and dental tissues of vertebrates. This chapter concentrates on the structure and composition of the solid calcium inorganic orthophosphate (Ca–Pi) phase in bone and the mechanisms that are thought to induce the onset of this mineralization process as an example of biological mineralization in general. It is important to recognize that the Ca–Pi mineral phase is deposited in a living tissue and is a substance that is continuously being synthesized, resorbed and replaced by the action of living cells. Therefore, the composition, structure and other properties of the solid Ca–Pi mineral phase will change in space and time, depending on the general body metabolism and the local cellular functions in specifi c regions of bone. Similar considerations arise in studies of the mineralized tissues of invertebrates, where the crystals consist of various lattice arrangements of CaCO3 (calcite, aragonite, vaterite) deposited in hierarchical arrangement with the constituents of the ordered organic matrices. Furthermore, the nature of the Ca–Pi phase in bone is signifi cantly different from synthetic, highly crystallized and geological hydroxylapatites, which is refl ected in the physical, structural properties and physiological functions of the biological apatites.
This chapter is an attempt to summarize at least some of the historical background leading to the more recent research over the past several decades. The focus here is on investigations at the molecular and nano-scales, now possible both theoretically and experimentally, which have been applied to determine the “nature” of the solid Ca–Pi mineral phase of bone and other calcifi ed vertebrate tissues from the inception of mineralization to the changes that occur during crystal maturation (“crystal aging”) and the “normal” aging of the animal. The topics addressed below include an introduction to the basic concepts, relevant terminology and cellular events involved in bone formation, the removal (resorption) of the bone mineral and the organic matrix, the structural properties of bone, the underlying mechanisms which have to date been found and have been postulated to control the nucleation of the solid Ca–Pi mineral phase, and a comparison between bone and other normally calcifi ed tissues in vertebrates such as cartilage, dentin and enamel of teeth and fi nally, a note on the structure and composition of geological and synthetic hydroxylapatite. Of the various normally calcifi ed tissues in vertebrates, bone was chosen as the focus primarily because the crystals in bone substance have been investigated much more intensely than in other vertebrate
mineralized tissues.

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[ Last edited by wgcui on 2009-5-15 at 11:04 ]

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[资源] 【资源】骨磷灰石梯度等级矿化经典文献（生物矿化经典）

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