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¡¾ÌâÄ¿¡¿£ºBio-inspired Mineralization Using Hydrophilic Polymers
Helmut Cofen



1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Different Crystallization Modes and Ways to Modify Crystallization . . . 5
2.1 ClassicalCrystallization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1.1 Thermodynamic andKineticCrystallizationPathways . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.2 Face-SelectiveAdditiveAdsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Non-classical Crystallization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.1 Oriented Attachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.2 Mesocrystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.3 Amorphous Precursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.4 Liquid Precursors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3 Polymer-Controlled Crystallization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.1 Biomineralization¨C Some TypicalHydrophilic Polymers . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2 Bio-inspiredMineralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2.1 Biopolymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2.2 Homopolymers and RandomCopolymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2.3 Dendrimers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2.4 DoubleHydrophilic Block Copolymers (DHBCs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2.5 DoubleHydrophilic GraftCopolymers (DHGCs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Abstract Biomineralization processes result in organic/inorganic hybrid materials with complex shape, hierarchical organization, and superior materials properties. Chemistry, which is inspired by these processes, aims to mimic biomineralization principles and to transfer them to the general control of crystallization processes using an environmentally benign route. In this chapter, the latest advances in hydrophilic polymer-controlled morphosynthesis and bio-inspired mineralization of crystals are summarized with focus on the various principles that can be used to generate inorganic and organic crystals with unusual structural specialty and complexity. For this, classical crystallization pathways using crystal face-selective polymer adsorption can be applied as well as non-classical nanoparticle-mediated crystallization routes, which are based on amorphous or crystalline precursor particles. Current developments emphasize that probably all inorganic and organic crystals will be amenable to morphosynthetic control by the described strategies using either flexible polymer additives or suitable self-assembly mechanisms. The resulting unique hierarchical materials with structural specialty and complexity, and a size range spanning from nanometers to micrometers, are expected to find potential applications in various fields. In addition, bio-inspired mineralization with hydrophilic copolymers offers the chance to understand basic principles of the complex and synergetic biomineralization processes.
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http://www.namipan.com/d/70cf41e ... 9cb2c4f0f90c9882500

[ Last edited by wgcui on 2009-2-27 at 09:53 ]
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¡¾ÌâÄ¿¡¿£º MICRO AND NANO SYSTEMS IN BIOMEDICINE AND DRUG DELIVERY
NESRIN HASIRCI

Micro and nano sytems sysnthesized from organic and inorganic materials are gaining great attention in biomedical applications such as design of biosensors, construction of imaging systems, synthesis of drug carrying and drug targeting devices, etc. Emulsions, suspensions, micelles, liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric and responsive systems are some examples for drug carrier devices. They have lots of advantages over conventional systems since they enhance the delivery, extend the bioactivity of the drug by protecting them from environmental effects in biological media, show minimal side effects, demonstrate high performance characteristics, and are more economical since minimum amount of expensive drugs are used. This chapter provides brief information about micro and nano systems used in biomedicine, nanobiotechnology and drug delivery

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http://www.namipan.com/d/a097154 ... 3bfc1d17df2819a0300
2Â¥2009-02-27 09:56:47
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lotus9

ľ³æ (ÖøÃûдÊÖ)


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ÑÏÖØÔÞͬ£¬¼á¾öÖ´ÐÐ
3Â¥2009-02-27 09:57:29
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stent

½ð³æ (ÖøÃûдÊÖ)


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ºÃÖ÷Ò⣡
4Â¥2009-02-27 09:59:35
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yusen_1982(½ð±Ò+1,VIP+0):ºÃ×ÊÔ´£¬Ö§³Ö£¡ 2-27 10:28
¡¾Ö÷Ìâ¡¿£ºÉúÎïѧÆÀ¼Û¼°·½·¨
¡¾ÌâÄ¿¡¿£º New Advances in Cell Adhesion Technology
Santina Carnazza

The main topic of this tutorial is bioadhesion, in terms of both fundamental and applied implications.
First of all, we look how cells adhere to a surface and what are the mechanisms underlying adhesion of both eukaryotic and microbial cells, focusing attention mainly on the cell response to abiotic surfaces.
Then, this paper will review the most recent biotechnological applications requiring the production of hybrid systems through controlled adhesion of biological components (amino acids, peptides, proteins, whole cells) onto polymers and inorganic surfaces. Biomaterials are requested with both good mechanical properties and biocompatibility.
Special attention will be directed to the spatial controlled adhesion, very important in nanotechnology and bioengineering, focusing on methods and application fields. First biomedical applications, and particularly regenerative medicine (including tissue engineering), will be analyzed, in which biomaterials act as passive physical surfaces and simultaneously as active substrate for cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation. Most currently developed materials need to evoke cell adhesion and spreading, while potentially preventing bacterial colonization because bacterial adhesion to human tissues and biomaterial surface of biomedical devices is a crucial stage in infection pathogenesis.
And, of course, spatially controlled cell adhesion is requested in BioMEMS applications, in particular for development of biosensors and diagnostic microsystems. Lab-on-chips and microarrays currently used will be reviewed.
The main trends in the BioMEMS research are miniaturization and integration of components and the use of microtechniques to improve immobilization and spatial confinement methods. These and other applications requiring the cell/surface interaction account for considerable efforts in development of surface modification and cellular patterning methods, that are very important tools for fundamental studies in biology, especially on single cells, as well as for preparation of chip-based systems in biotechnology. Here, the main cell adhesion technologies will be discussed, and recent progress based on our research results will be briefly reported.
In our laboratory, the biology of fundamental interactions between cells and materials is studied, in relation to the physico-chemical properties of the biomaterial surface. We study cell adhesion in a controlled fashion, using adhesion-supporting and -inhibiting substrata, and analyzing the subsequent cell responses. Additionally, we prepare high resolution micropatterned surfaces for the creation of organized mammalian cell patterns for applications such as biosensors and in particular single-cell arrays.
New experimental data will be presented on bio-functionalization of polymer surfaces by controlled ion implantation and fibronectin adsorption aimed to enhance cell adhesion and spatial confinement.Moreover, a new technology will be proposed as an useful tool for preparation of microbial arrays that hold promise as platforms for whole-cell biosensors and diagnostic chips. Another important application for microbial arrays can be in microbial fuel cells, where there is the need for a technology that can provide, in a cost-effective manner, the large surface areas needed for the anodes and cathodes. On the other hand, the ability to obtain ordered microbial arrays with a fractal geometry could overcome problems of blocking and flux control and allow microbial biofilter use for liquid decontamination.
Finally, perspectives are presented of surface bio-functionalization by phage displayed peptides, which can act as highly specific and selective probes in bioaffinity sensors, can be used in development of nanomaterials and cantilever-based nanodevices for biosensing, and can mimic ligands of cell receptors involved in signaling that affect the cellular fate.

¡¾ÏÂÔØ¡¿

http://www.namipan.com/d/646c46c ... 109506bf6785a539800
5Â¥2009-02-27 10:00:44
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yusen_1982(½ð±Ò+1,VIP+0):ºÃ×ÊÔ´£¬Ö§³Ö£¡ 2-27 10:28
¡¾Ö÷Ìâ¡¿£º¸ß·Ö×ÓÉúÎï²ÄÁÏ
¡¾ÌâÄ¿¡¿£º Polymers as Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Controlled Drug Delivery
Lakshmi S. Nair  Cato T. Laurencin

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2 Biodegradable Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.1 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.1.1 AliphaticPolyesters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.1.2 Poly(ortho esters) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.1.3 Polyanhydrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.1.4 Poly(alkyl cyanoacrylates) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.1.5 Poly(amino acids) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.1.6 Polyphosphazenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.1.7 Polyphosphoesters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.2 NaturalBiodegradable Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.2.1 Polysaccharides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.2.2 Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.2.3 Bacterial Polyesters and Polyamides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3 Biodegradable Polymers for Tissue Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.1 Scope of Tissue Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.2 Engineered Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.2.1 SkinRegeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.2.2 NerveRegeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.2.3 Liver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.2.4 Cartilage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.2.5 Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4 Biodegradable Polymers in Drug Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.1 Scope of ControlledDrugDelivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.2 PolymericDrugDelivery Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.2.1 Applications of Biodegradable Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Abstract The advent of biodegradable polymers has significantly influenced the development and rapid growth of various technologies in modern medicine. Biodegradable polymers are mainly used where the transient existence of materials is required and they find applications as sutures, scaffolds for tissue regeneration, tissue adhesives, hemostats, and transient barriers for tissue adhesion, as well as drug delivery systems. Each of these applications demands materials with unique physical, chemical, biological, and biomechanical properties to provide efficient therapy. Consequently, a wide range of degradable polymers, both natural and synthetic, have been investigated for these applications. Furthermore, recent advances in molecular and cellular biology, coupled with the development of novel biotechnological drugs, necessitate the modification of existing polymers or synthesis of novel polymers for specific applications. This review highlights various biodegradable polymeric materials currently investigated for use in two key medical applications: drug delivery and tissue engineering.

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http://www.namipan.com/d/3c7b9fd ... 0ad44cc57e9d1240a00
6Â¥2009-02-27 10:03:21
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hangruiqiang

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7Â¥2009-02-27 14:08:13
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whn732

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8Â¥2009-02-27 17:27:59
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whn732

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wgcui(½ð±Ò+3,VIP+0):лл֧³Ö£¡£¡ 2-27 19:20
¡¾Ö÷Ìâ¡¿£ºLiposome
¡¾ÌâÄ¿¡¿£ºPHOSPHOLIPID STRATEGIES IN BIOMINERALIZATION AND BIOMATERIALS RESEARCH
Phillip B. Messersmith

http://www.namipan.com/d/PHOSPHO ... 555d5196a6eb5530700
9Â¥2009-02-27 17:32:45
ÒÑÔÄ   »Ø¸´´ËÂ¥   ¹Ø×¢TA ¸øTA·¢ÏûÏ¢ ËÍTAºì»¨ TAµÄ»ØÌû

travelerchem

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¡ï¡ï¡ï¡ï¡ï ÎåÐǼ¶,ÓÅÐãÍÆ¼ö

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11Â¥2009-02-27 23:37:07
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whn732

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12Â¥2009-02-28 01:33:46
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lijinbo2008

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13Â¥2009-02-28 10:45:28
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travelerchem

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¡ï ¡ï
yusen_1982(½ð±Ò+2,VIP+0):»¶Ó­¶à¶àÌÖÂÛ 3-1 19:26
¡¾Ö÷Ìâ¡¿Drug Delivery
¡¾ÌâÄ¿¡¿Stimuli-Responsive Polymersomes for Programmed Drug Delivery
¡¾Àà±ð¡¿Review
¡¾×÷Õß¡¿Fenghua Meng, Zhiyuan Zhong and Jan Feijen
¡¾ÏÂÔØ¡¿Biomacromolecules 2009 10(2):197¨C209
            http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/bm801127d

[ Last edited by travelerchem on 2009-2-28 at 13:55 ]
15Â¥2009-02-28 12:13:45
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zhangwj

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wgcui(½ð±Ò+1,VIP+0):лл֧³Ö 2-28 20:10
ÒýÓûØÌû:
Originally posted by whn732 at 2009-2-28 01:33:
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¡¾ÌâÄ¿¡¿Nanotechnology and nanomaterials: Promises for improved tissue regeneration

Nano Today (2009) 4, 66¡ª80

Summary

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine aim to develop biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve damaged tissue and organ functionality. While tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have hinted at much promise in the last several decades, significant research is still required to provide exciting alternative materials to finally solve the numerous problems associated with traditional implants. Nanotechnology, or the use of nanomaterials (defined as those materials with constituent dimensions less than 100 nm), may have the answers since only these materials can mimic surface properties (including topography, energy, etc.) of natural tissues. For these reasons, over the last decade, nanomaterials have been highlighted as promising candidates for improving traditional tissue engineering materials. Importantly, these efforts have highlighted that nanomaterials exhibit superior cytocompatible, mechanical, electrical, optical, catalytic and magnetic properties compared to conventional (or micron structured) materials. These unique properties of nanomaterials have helped to improve various tissue growth over what is achievable today. In this review paper, the promise of nanomaterials for bone, cartilage, vascular, neural and bladder tissue engineering applications will be reviewed. Moreover, as an important future area of research, the potential risk and toxicity of nanomaterial synthesis and use related to human health are emphasized.

Keywords: Nanomaterials; Tissue engineering; Nanotechnology; Scaffold; Biomimetic; Regenerative medicine

Article Outline

Nanotechnology and nanomaterials: biomimetic tools for tissue regeneration
The promise of nanomaterials for bone and cartilage tissue engineering applications
The promise of nanomaterials for vascular tissue engineering applications
The promise of nanomaterials for neural tissue engineering applications
The promise of nanomaterials for bladder tissue engineering applications
Potential risks of nanomaterials towards human health
Conclusions
References
Vitae

¡¾ÏÂÔØ¡¿Link: http://www.sciencedirect.com/sci ... 12bb537df232acb75ba

[ Last edited by zhangwj on 2009-2-28 at 12:41 ]
16Â¥2009-02-28 12:39:29
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iamlvpeng

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[ Last edited by iamlvpeng on 2009-2-28 at 12:50 ]
17Â¥2009-02-28 12:39:49
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18Â¥2009-02-28 14:41:52
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zhangwj

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Originally posted by refnew at 2009-2-28 14:41:
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19Â¥2009-02-28 14:47:08
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zhangweihbu

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20Â¥2009-03-01 10:30:00
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whn732

½û³æ (ÕýʽдÊÖ)


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Originally posted by travelerchem at 2009-2-28 12:13:
¡¾Ö÷Ìâ¡¿Drug Delivery
¡¾ÌâÄ¿¡¿Stimuli-Responsive Polymersomes for Programmed Drug Delivery
¡¾Àà±ð¡¿Review
¡¾×÷Õß¡¿Fenghua Meng, Zhiyuan Zhong and Jan Feijen
¡¾ÏÂÔØ¡¿Biomacromolecules 2009 10(2 ...

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21Â¥2009-03-03 02:14:57
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whn732

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22Â¥2009-03-03 02:15:19
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23Â¥2009-03-03 16:32:00
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24Â¥2009-03-07 15:08:57
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leopard-kunf

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25Â¥2009-03-31 19:12:38
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32Â¥2009-04-30 21:07:13
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¡¾ÌâÄ¿¡¿£ºControlled drug delivery in tissue engineering
           
¡¾ÄÚÈݼò½é»òÕßÌá¸Ù¡¿The concept of tissue and cell guidance is rapidly evolving as more information regarding the effect of the microenvironment on cellular function and tissue morphogenesis become available. These disclosures have lead to a tremendous advancement in the design of a new generation of multifunctional biomaterials able to mimic the molecular regulatory characteristics and the three-dimensional architecture of the native extracellular matrix. Micro- and nano-structured scaffolds able to sequester and deliver in a highly specific manner biomolecular moieties have already been proved to be effective in bone repairing, in guiding functional angiogenesis and in controlling stem cell differentiation. Although these platforms represent a first attempt to mimic the complex temporal and spatial microenvironment presented in vivo, an increased symbiosis of
material engineering, drug delivery technology and cell and molecular biology may ultimately lead to biomaterials that encode the necessary signals to guide and control developmental process in tissue- and organ-specific differentiation and morphogenesis.
33Â¥2009-05-11 08:35:34
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¡¾ÌâÄ¿¡¿£ºSurface modification of polyester biomaterials for tissue engineering
           
¡¾ÄÚÈݼò½é»òÕßÌá¸Ù¡¿Surfaces play an important role in a biological system for most biological reactions occurring at surfaces and interfaces. The development of biomaterials for tissue engineering is to create perfect surfaces which can provoke specific cellular responses and direct new tissue regeneration. The improvement in biocompatibility of biomaterials for tissue engineering by directed surface modification is an important contribution to biomaterials development. Among many biomaterials used for tissue engineering, polyesters have been well documented for their excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility and nontoxicity. However, poor hydrophilicity and the lack of natural recognition sites on the surface of polyesters have greatly limited their further application in the tissue engineering field. Therefore, how to introduce functional groups or molecules to polyester surfaces, which ideally adjust cell/tissue biological functions, becomes more and more important. In this review, recent advances in polyester surface modification and their applications are reviewed. The development of new technologies or methods used to modify polyester surfaces for developing their biocompatibility is introduced. The results of polyester surface modifications by surface morphological modification, surface chemical group/charge modification, surface biomacromolecule modification and so on are reported in detail. Modified surface properties of polyesters directly related to in vitro/vivo biological performances are presented as well,
such as protein adsorption, cell attachment and growth and tissue response. Lastly, the prospect of polyester surface modification is discussed, especially the current conception of biomimetic and molecular recognition.
34Â¥2009-05-11 08:46:47
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trent8115

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35Â¥2009-05-12 10:22:21
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hongshe

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jacky831118

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38Â¥2009-05-18 10:08:43
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liuxyz2008

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¡¾ÌâÄ¿¡¿£º£¨1£©Chitosan Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Perspectives . Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 6017-6084         
               £¨2£© Synthesis and Physicochemical and Dynamic Mechanical
Properties of a Water-Soluble Chitosan Derivative as a Biomaterial  . Biomacromolecules, 2006, 7 (10), 2845-2855.   
               (3)   Antibacterial activity of chitosans and chitosan oligomers
with different molecular weights .Food Microbiology 74 (2002) 65¨C 72.
              (4)Antimicrobial effect of chitooligosaccharides produced by bioreactor.Carbohydrate Polymers 44 (2001) 71¨C76.
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40Â¥2009-05-24 08:57:44
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