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[×ÊÔ´] Device Physics of Organic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells

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http://www.brsbox.com/filebox/do ... 55ea09022953d6659f1
Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 Inorganic solar cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Organic solar cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Outline of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2 Charge transport in polymer:fullerene films 15
2.1 Photoconduction in insulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2 Electron transport in fullerene films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.2 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3 Electron and hole transport in polymer:fullerene blends . . . . . . 22
2.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.2 Electron transport in polymer:fullerene films . . . . . . . . 24
2.3.3 Hole transport in polymer:fullerene films . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4 Experimental section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3 Photocurrent generation in bulk heterojunction solar cells 39
3.1 Photocurrent in polymer:fullerene blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.1.2 Photocurrent-voltage characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.1.3 The origin of the field-dependent (reverse bias) photocurrent 41
3.1.4 Amodel for charge carriers dissociation at donor/acceptor
interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.1.5 Comparing the model with the experimental photocurrent 44
3.1.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2 Space-charge limitation in organic solar cells . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2.2 Goodman and Rose approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.2.3 Experimental evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
v
vi CONTENTS
3.2.4 Analytical prediction for the conversion efficiency . . . . . 52
3.2.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3 Experimental section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4 Variation of the metal top electrode in bulk heterojunction solar cells 57
4.1 Electrode dependence of the open-circuit voltage . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.1.2 Open-circuit voltage of pristine fullerene devices . . . . . 59
4.1.3 Open-circuit voltage of polymer:fullerene devices . . . . . 64
4.1.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.2 Effect of metal electrodes on solar cell performance . . . . . . . . 68
4.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.2.2 Results and discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.2.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.3 Experimental section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5 Compositional dependence of the performance in polymer:fullerene
cells 75
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.2 Compositional dependence of the charge-carrier mobility . . . . . 76
5.3 Device characterization under illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.5 Experimental section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6 Exploring poly(3-hexylthiophene):fullerene solar cells 89
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.2 Charge carrier transport in composite P3HTCBM films . . . . . 91
6.3 Optical absorption spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.4 Device characterization under illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.4.1 The effect of thermal annealing on solar cell performance . 97
6.4.2 Light intensity dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.4.3 Numerical simulation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.6 Experimental section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Summary 109
Samenvatting 113
List of Publications 117
Acknowledgements 119
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