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Device Physics of Organic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
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ÏÂÔØµØÖ· http://www.brsbox.com/filebox/do ... 55ea09022953d6659f1 Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.1 Inorganic solar cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.2 Organic solar cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Outline of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2 Charge transport in polymer:fullerene films 15 2.1 Photoconduction in insulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2 Electron transport in fullerene films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2.2 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.3 Electron and hole transport in polymer:fullerene blends . . . . . . 22 2.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.3.2 Electron transport in polymer:fullerene films . . . . . . . . 24 2.3.3 Hole transport in polymer:fullerene films . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.3.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.4 Experimental section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3 Photocurrent generation in bulk heterojunction solar cells 39 3.1 Photocurrent in polymer:fullerene blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.1.2 Photocurrent-voltage characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.1.3 The origin of the field-dependent (reverse bias) photocurrent 41 3.1.4 Amodel for charge carriers dissociation at donor/acceptor interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.1.5 Comparing the model with the experimental photocurrent 44 3.1.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.2 Space-charge limitation in organic solar cells . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.2.2 Goodman and Rose approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.2.3 Experimental evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 v vi CONTENTS 3.2.4 Analytical prediction for the conversion efficiency . . . . . 52 3.2.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.3 Experimental section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4 Variation of the metal top electrode in bulk heterojunction solar cells 57 4.1 Electrode dependence of the open-circuit voltage . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.1.2 Open-circuit voltage of pristine fullerene devices . . . . . 59 4.1.3 Open-circuit voltage of polymer:fullerene devices . . . . . 64 4.1.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.2 Effect of metal electrodes on solar cell performance . . . . . . . . 68 4.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.2.2 Results and discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.2.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.3 Experimental section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5 Compositional dependence of the performance in polymer:fullerene cells 75 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.2 Compositional dependence of the charge-carrier mobility . . . . . 76 5.3 Device characterization under illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5.5 Experimental section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 6 Exploring poly(3-hexylthiophene):fullerene solar cells 89 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 6.2 Charge carrier transport in composite P3HT CBM films . . . . . 916.3 Optical absorption spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 6.4 Device characterization under illumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 6.4.1 The effect of thermal annealing on solar cell performance . 97 6.4.2 Light intensity dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 6.4.3 Numerical simulation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 6.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 6.6 Experimental section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Summary 109 Samenvatting 113 List of Publications 117 Acknowledgements 119 |
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