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[资源] Boilers for Power and Process

Contents
List of Figures ................................................................................................................xvii
List of Tables ...............................................................................................................xxxiii
Preface .............................................................................................................................. xli
Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................... xlv
Author ...........................................................................................................................xlvii
Structure of this Book ................................................................................................... xlix
Conversion of Units .......................................................................................................... lv
Preamble .........................................................................................................................lxiii
Section I: Boiler Fundamentals
1  Boiler Basics ..............................................................................................................3
1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................3
1.2 Classifi cation of Boilers ................................................................................................3
1.2.1 Defi nition of a Boiler.........................................................................................3
1.2.2 Classifi cation......................................................................................................3
1.3 Boiler Specifi cations .....................................................................................................7
1.3.1 Steam Flow or Evaporation or Boiler Output................................................7
1.3.2 Types of Pressures ............................................................................................9
1.3.3 Outlet Temperatures .........................................................................................9
1.3.4 Feed Water Temperature ................................................................................10
1.3.5 Fuels ..................................................................................................................10
1.4 Scope of Boiler Plant ...................................................................................................11
1.4.1 Inputs and Outputs .........................................................................................11
1.4.2 Boiler Package ..................................................................................................13
1.4.3 Boiler Island .....................................................................................................13
1.5 Heat Balance for Boiler Effi ciency ............................................................................14
1.5.1 Energy Balance in Boiler ................................................................................14
1.5.2 Boiler Effi ciency Calculations .......................................................................14
1.5.3 Effect of Ambient Conditions on Boiler Effi ciency and Design ...............15
1.5.4 Breakup of Losses ...........................................................................................16
1.5.5 Typical Effi ciency Calculation .......................................................................20
1.6 Performance Testing of Boilers .................................................................................20
1.6.1 Input–Output Method ....................................................................................21
1.6.2 Heat Loss Method ...........................................................................................21
1.6.3 Calculation of Effi ciency from Performance Test Results .........................23
1.6.4 New 1998 Boiler Performance Test Code .....................................................24
1.6.5 Performance Testing of Waste Heat Recovery Boilers ...............................25
1.6.6 Performance Testing of Heat Recovery Steam Generators .......................25
1.7 Boiler Evaluation .........................................................................................................27
1.8 Boiler Design for Optimum Performance ...............................................................28
1.8.1 Stack Loss Reduction ......................................................................................29
1.8.2 Unburnt Loss Reduction ................................................................................30
1.8.3 Radiation Loss Reduction ..............................................................................30
1.8.4 Fan Power Reduction ......................................................................................30
1.8.5 Feed Pump Power Reduction ........................................................................31
1.9 Designing to Boiler Codes .........................................................................................31
1.9.1 Basics of Boiler Pressure Part Design ...........................................................34
1.10 Capturing Basic Design Data ....................................................................................37
Further Readings .................................................................................................................40
2  Heat and Flow .........................................................................................................41
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................41
2.2 Steam and Water Properties .....................................................................................41
2.2.1 Boiling/Evaporation .......................................................................................42
2.2.2 Laws for Steam and Water .............................................................................42
2.2.3 Density .............................................................................................................42
2.2.4 Heat Distribution at Various Pressure Levels ............................................43
2.2.5 Steam/Rankine Cycle ....................................................................................43
2.2.6 Steam and Water Properties ..........................................................................45
2.2.7 Mollier Chart or Enthalpy–Entropy (H–s) Diagram .................................45
2.2.8 Temperature–Entropy (T–s) Diagram ..........................................................45
2.3 Heat Transfer ...............................................................................................................47
2.3.1 Heat Flow .........................................................................................................47
2.3.2 Conduction ......................................................................................................48
2.3.3 Convection .......................................................................................................50
2.3.4 Radiation ..........................................................................................................55
2.3.5 Combined Heat Transfer ...............................................................................56
2.3.6 Extended Surfaces ...........................................................................................57
2.4 Fluid Flow ....................................................................................................................59
2.4.1 Bernoulli’s Equation .......................................................................................60
2.4.2 Material Balance or Continuity Equation ...................................................60
2.4.3 Flow through Nozzles and Orifi ces .............................................................60
2.4.4 Flow Coeffi cients .............................................................................................61
2.4.5 Resistance to Flow in Pipes ...........................................................................62
2.4.6 Air and Gas Duct Losses ...............................................................................65
2.5 Circulation ...................................................................................................................65
2.5.1 Principles of Circulation ................................................................................65
2.5.2 Flow in Vertical and Horizontal Tubes ........................................................65
2.5.3 Departure from Nucleate Boiling ................................................................66
2.5.4 Maintaining Nucleate Boiling .......................................................................67
2.5.5 Types of Circulation .......................................................................................70
2.5.6 Limits for Natural Circulation ......................................................................73
2.5.7 Circulation Systems for Subcritical and Supercritical Pressures .............74
2.5.8 Boiler Feed Pumps ..........................................................................................75
2.6 Combustion .................................................................................................................78
2.6.1 Stages of Combustion .....................................................................................78
2.6.2 Combustion Chemistry .................................................................................79
2.6.3 Combustion Air ..............................................................................................79
2.6.4 Heat of Combustion ........................................................................................80
2.6.5 Three Ts ............................................................................................................82
2.6.6 Adiabatic Flame Temperature .......................................................................82
2.6.7 Specifi c Heats of Gas ......................................................................................82
2.6.8 Air and Gas Weights ......................................................................................82
viii  Contents
2.6.9 Flue Gas Analysis ...........................................................................................87
2.6.10 Specifi c Volume of Flue Gases.......................................................................89
2.7 Thermodynamic Cycles .............................................................................................90
2.7.1 Carnot Cycle .....................................................................................................91
2.7.2 Rankine or Steam Cycle .................................................................................91
2.7.3 Brayton or Gas Turbine Cycle ........................................................................92
2.7.4 Combined Cycle ..............................................................................................92
Further Readings ........................................................................................................95
3  Fuels and Ash ..........................................................................................................97
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................97
3.2 Solid Fuels ....................................................................................................................98
3.2.1 Fossil Fuels .......................................................................................................98
3.2.2 Waste Fuels .................................................................................................... 110
3.3 Liquid Fuels ...............................................................................................................120
3.3.1 Fuel Oils..........................................................................................................120
3.4 Gaseous Fuels ............................................................................................................125
3.4.1 Fossil Fuels .....................................................................................................125
3.4.2 Waste or Manufactured Fuels .....................................................................128
3.5 Ash ..............................................................................................................................132
3.5.1 Coal Ash .........................................................................................................132
3.5.2 Oil Ash ............................................................................................................142
Further Readings ......................................................................................................143
4  Water Conditioning ..............................................................................................145
4.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................145
4.2 Water and Boiler .......................................................................................................145
4.2.1 Effects of Water on Boilers ...........................................................................146
4.2.2 Types of Water ...............................................................................................147
4.2.3 Water Treatment ............................................................................................147
4.2.4 Impurities in Water .......................................................................................148
4.2.5 Water Terminology .......................................................................................148
4.3 Deaeration and O 2 Scavenging ...............................................................................149
4.3.1 Deaeration ......................................................................................................150
4.3.2 O 2 Scavenging ...............................................................................................153
4.4 Water and Steam Conditioning ..............................................................................154
4.4.1 Feed Water ......................................................................................................154
4.4.2 Boiler Water ...................................................................................................155
4.4.3 Boiler Water Conditioning ...........................................................................156
4.4.4 Sludge Conditioning .....................................................................................158
4.4.5 Boiler Blowdown ...........................................................................................158
4.4.6 After-Boiler Protection .................................................................................159
4.4.7 Chemical Dosing ...........................................................................................159
4.5 Carryover ................................................................................................................... 161
4.5.1 Steam Separators ...........................................................................................162
4.5.2 Silica in Boiler Water ....................................................................................163
4.5.3 Loading of Steam Separators ......................................................................163
4.5.4 Foaming and Priming ..................................................................................164
4.5.5 Steam Purity Measurement .........................................................................165
Further Readings ......................................................................................................166
Contents  ix
5  Boiler Materials .................................................................................................... 167
5.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................167
5.2 Boiler Parts.................................................................................................................167
5.3 Boiler Steels ...............................................................................................................168
5.3.1 Boiler Quality (BQ) Plates ............................................................................169
5.3.2 Boiler Tubes ...................................................................................................170
5.3.3 Pipes ................................................................................................................177
5.3.4 Pressure Castings and Forgings .................................................................178
5.4 Structural Steels ........................................................................................................182
5.4.1 Structural Quality Tubes and Pipes ...........................................................182
5.4.2 High-Temperature Castings ........................................................................183
5.5 Fundamentals of Metallurgy ..................................................................................184
5.5.1 Classifi cation of Steels ..................................................................................185
5.5.2 Effect of Alloying Elements on Steel Properties ......................................189
5.5.3 Heat Treatment Processes ............................................................................189
5.5.4 Certain Terms in Heat Treatment as Relevant to Boiler Steels ...............189
5.5.5 Corrosion ........................................................................................................192
5.6 Properties of Steel in Brief .......................................................................................195
5.6.1 Tensile Strength .............................................................................................195
5.6.2 Hardness ........................................................................................................196
5.6.3 Toughness ......................................................................................................196
5.6.4 Fatigue Strength ............................................................................................199
5.6.5 High-Temperature Properties .....................................................................200
5.7 Bricks, Refractory, Insulation, and Lagging .........................................................201
5.7.1 Refractories .....................................................................................................201
5.7.2 Various Types of Refractories ......................................................................203
5.7.3 Insulation ........................................................................................................207
5.7.4 Lagging ...........................................................................................................208
5.8 Wear-Resistant Refractory Ceramic Materials .....................................................209
Further Readings ......................................................................................................210
Section II: Boiler Parts and Auxiliaries
6  Heating Surfaces ...................................................................................................213
6.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................213
6.2 Evaporator Surfaces .................................................................................................. 214
6.2.1 Furnace ........................................................................................................... 214
6.2.2 Boiler Bank (BB) ............................................................................................222
6.3 Superheater and Reheater (SH and RH) ................................................................227
6.3.1 Superheater (SH) ...........................................................................................227
6.3.2 Reheater (RH) ................................................................................................228
6.3.3 Superheater and Reheater Design Principles............................................228
6.3.4 Superheater and Reheater Classifi cation ...................................................229
6.3.5 Tubes for Superheater and Reheater ..........................................................233
6.3.6 Tube Spacing and Gas Velocities ................................................................235
6.3.7 Tube Metal Temperatures ............................................................................236
6.3.8 Steam Temperature Control (STC) .............................................................237
6.4 Back-End Equipment ................................................................................................242
6.4.1 Airheater or Economizer? ............................................................................243
x  Contents
6.4.2 Airheater versus Economizer ......................................................................243
6.4.3 Airheater and Economizer Arrangements ................................................244
6.5 Economizer ................................................................................................................245
6.5.1 Classifi cation ..................................................................................................246
6.5.2 Tube and Fin Materials ................................................................................250
6.5.3 Operating Concerns in Economizers .........................................................251
6.6 Airheater ....................................................................................................................253
6.6.1 Airheater Types .............................................................................................253
6.6.2 TAH versus RAH ..........................................................................................255
6.6.3 Tubular Airheater .........................................................................................255
6.6.4 Rotary Airheater ...........................................................................................259
6.6.5 Operational Concerns ..................................................................................262
Further Readings ......................................................................................................265
7  Fabricated Parts .....................................................................................................267
7.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................267
7.2 Unheated Pressure Parts ..........................................................................................267
7.2.1 Steam and Water Drums ..............................................................................268
7.2.2 Downcomers, Supplies, and Risers ............................................................276
7.2.3 Integral Piping ...............................................................................................278
7.3 Draft Plant Items .......................................................................................................281
7.3.1 Flues, Ducts, Hoppers, and Casing .............................................................282
7.3.2 Dampers .........................................................................................................283
7.3.3 Expansion Joints ............................................................................................286
7.3.4 Airfl ow Measuring Devices .........................................................................286
7.4 Structure .....................................................................................................................289
7.4.1 Site Conditions ...............................................................................................289
7.4.2 Loads to be Supported by Structure ...........................................................290
7.4.3 External Loads on Structure ........................................................................290
7.4.4 Boiler Expansion and Guides ......................................................................291
7.4.5 Hot and Cold Structures ..............................................................................292
7.4.6 Top, Middle, or Bottom Support ..................................................................298
7.4.7 Bolted or Welded Construction ...................................................................298
7.4.8 Rolled Beams or Built-Up Sections .............................................................299
Further Readings ...............................................................................................................299
8  Boiler Auxiliaries .................................................................................................301
8.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................301
8.2 Fans .............................................................................................................................301
8.2.1 Fans in Boiler Plant .......................................................................................301
8.2.2 Salient Aspects of Fans ................................................................................302
8.2.3 Types of Fans .................................................................................................303
8.2.4 Centrifugal Fans ...........................................................................................305
8.2.5 Axial Fans ......................................................................................................308
8.2.6 Fan Laws ........................................................................................................310
8.2.7 Fan Selection .................................................................................................. 311
8.2.8 Effi ciency and Power .................................................................................... 314
8.2.9 Fan Control ....................................................................................................315
8.2.10 Construction Features ..................................................................................320
8.2.11 Two Modes of Fan Operation ......................................................................322
Contents  xi
8.2.12 Single Set and Two Sets of Fans ................................................................324
8.2.13 Fan Erosion and Protection .......................................................................324
8.2.14 Boiler Fans ....................................................................................................325
8.3 Dust-Collecting Equipment ....................................................................................326
8.4 Mechanical Dust Collectors (MDCs) .....................................................................328
8.4.1 Multiclones .....................................................................................................328
8.4.2 Large-Diameter Cyclones ............................................................................331
8.5 Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) .......................................................................332
8.5.1 Operating Principle of an ESP .....................................................................332
8.5.2 Components ...................................................................................................333
8.5.3 Features ..........................................................................................................333
8.5.4 Advantages ....................................................................................................338
8.5.5 Limitations .....................................................................................................338
8.5.6 Performance Parameters ..............................................................................338
8.6 Fabric Filters (FFs) .....................................................................................................341
8.6.1 Advantages of FF...........................................................................................342
8.6.2 Limitations of FF ...........................................................................................342
8.6.3 ESP versus FF ................................................................................................343
8.6.4 Performance of FF .........................................................................................343
8.6.5 Reverse Gas Filters ........................................................................................344
8.6.6 Pulse Jet Filters ..............................................................................................344
8.6.7 RGF versus PJF ..............................................................................................345
8.6.8 Bags for FF .....................................................................................................345
8.7 Wet Scrubbers (WSs) ................................................................................................346
8.7.1 Advantages of WS .........................................................................................346
8.7.2 Limitations of WS ..........................................................................................348
8.7.3 Application of WS .........................................................................................348
8.7.4 Comparison of Different Dust Collectors by Performance .....................348
8.8 Valves and Mountings .............................................................................................349
8.8.1 Main Steam Stop Valve and Nonreturn Valve ..........................................350
8.8.2 Start-Up Vent Valves .....................................................................................352
8.8.3 CBD and IBD Valves .....................................................................................353
8.8.4 Safety Valves ..................................................................................................353
8.8.5 Drain and Vent Valves .................................................................................356
8.8.6 Control Valves ...............................................................................................358
8.9 Soot Blowers ..............................................................................................................361
8.9.1 Working Principle of Soot Blowers .............................................................362
8.9.2 Types and Locations of Soot Blowers .........................................................363
8.9.3 Boiler Firing and Soot Blowers ....................................................................363
8.9.4 Steam versus Air ...........................................................................................365
8.9.5 Types of Blowers ............................................................................................365
8.9.6 Rotary AH Cleaning .....................................................................................369
8.9.7 Water Lancing ................................................................................................369
8.9.8 SB Piping.........................................................................................................370
8.9.9 Acoustic or Sonic Soot Blowers ...................................................................370
8.10 Water-Level Indicators .............................................................................................371
8.10.1 Direct Water-Level Indicators ......................................................................372
8.10.2 Remote Water-Level Indicators ....................................................................376
Further Readings ...............................................................................................................378
xii  Contents
Section III: Boilers and Firing
9  Industrial and Utility Boilers .............................................................................381
9.1 Water Tube Boilers for Industry and Power ..........................................................381
9.1.1 Characteristic Features of Industrial Boilers .............................................381
9.1.2 Characteristic Features of Utility Boilers ...................................................382
9.2 Industrial Boilers ......................................................................................................383
9.2.1 Boiler Classifi cation by Firing .....................................................................383
9.2.2 Classifi cation by Number of Drums ..........................................................393
9.2.3 Balanced Draft and Pressurized Firing .....................................................394
9.3 Utility Boilers ............................................................................................................395
9.3.1 Small versus Large Utility Boilers ..............................................................395
9.3.2 Supercritical Boilers ......................................................................................396
9.3.3 Boiler Designs for Utilities...........................................................................404
9.3.4 Features of Supercritical Boilers .................................................................408
9.3.5 Drum-Type or Supercritical Boiler? ............................................................415
9.3.6 Standard Plant Confi gurations for Supercritical Boilers .........................416
Further Readings ...............................................................................................................416
10  Burner Firing .........................................................................................................417
10.1 Oil and Gas Firing ..................................................................................................417
10.2 Burners and Combustion.......................................................................................418
10.2.1 Burner Size .................................................................................................418
10.2.2 Burner Turndown .....................................................................................419
10.2.3 Air Registers ..............................................................................................420
10.2.4 Excess Air for Oil and Gas Firing ...........................................................421
10.2.5 Combustion of Oil and Gas in Circular Burners..................................424
10.2.6 Atomizers ...................................................................................................425
10.2.7 Gas Burners ................................................................................................432
10.2.8 Low NO x Burners ......................................................................................435
10.2.9 Igniters ........................................................................................................438
10.2.10 Flame Monitors ..........................................................................................440
10.3 Duct Burners ...........................................................................................................441
10.4 Burner Management and Safety System .............................................................444
10.5 Oil- and Gas-Fired Boilers .....................................................................................445
10.5.1 Package Boilers ..........................................................................................446
10.5.2 Field-Erected Modular Boilers ................................................................453
Further Readings ...............................................................................................................461
11  Stoker Firing..........................................................................................................463
11.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................463
11.2 Mechanical Stokers .................................................................................................463
11.2.1 Grates and Stokers .....................................................................................466
11.2.2 CG versus TG .............................................................................................466
11.2.3 Using Same Grate for Mass and Spreader Burning .............................467
11.2.4 Moistening of Coal before Firing ............................................................467
11.2.5 Clinker ........................................................................................................467
11.2.6 Coal Segregation .......................................................................................468
11.2.7 Coal Sizing .................................................................................................468
Contents  xiii
11.3 Mass Burning ..........................................................................................................471
11.3.1 Chain or Traveling Grates with Gravity Feeding .................................471
11.3.2 RG and PG Grates .....................................................................................473
11.4 Spreader Burning ....................................................................................................475
11.4.1 Spreader Firing: CG and RG with Spreader Stokers ............................475
11.4.2 Spreader Firing with Dumping Grates ..................................................492
11.5 Stoker-Fired Boilers ................................................................................................495
11.5.1 Oil or Gas Firing in Stoker-Fired Boilers ...............................................497
11.5.2 Principles of Spreader Stoker-Fired Boiler Design ...............................498
11.5.3 Fuel Flexibility in Stokers ........................................................................500
11.5.4 Biofuel Firing on Stokers ..........................................................................501
Further Readings ...............................................................................................................504
12  Fluidized Bed Combustion .................................................................................505
12.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................505
12.2 FBC Fundamentals .................................................................................................506
12.2.1 Fluidization ................................................................................................506
12.2.2 Desulfurization .........................................................................................509
12.2.3 Denitrifi cation ...........................................................................................510
12.3 FBC Process: Pros and Cons .................................................................................511
12.3.1 Characteristics of FBC Boiler ...................................................................511
12.3.2 Advantages of FBC Boilers ......................................................................512
12.3.3 Limitations of FBC Boilers .......................................................................512
12.3.4 Thermal Effi ciency: Conventional versus FBC Boilers ........................513
12.4 Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustion .................................................................. 514
12.4.1 Process ........................................................................................................ 514
12.4.2 Underbed versus Overbed Feeding ....................................................... 514
12.4.3 Bed Regulation for Part-Load Operation ..............................................517
12.4.4 Bed Coil ......................................................................................................517
12.4.5 Deep versus Shallow Bed ........................................................................518
12.4.6 Erosion in BFBC Boilers ...........................................................................519
12.4.7 Bed ...............................................................................................................519
12.4.8 Freeboard ...................................................................................................520
12.4.9 Ash Recirculation ......................................................................................520
12.4.10 Air Nozzles ................................................................................................521
12.4.11 Salient Process Parameters of BFBC Boilers .........................................521
12.4.12 Applications ...............................................................................................521
12.4.13 BFBC Boiler Design Principles ................................................................523
12.4.14 BFBC Boiler Designs .................................................................................524
12.5 Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion ..............................................................525
12.5.1 Process ........................................................................................................525
12.5.2 Design Features of Classical or Hot Cyclone CFBC .............................530
12.5.3 CFBC Boilers ..............................................................................................539
12.5.4 Cold Cyclone CFBC Boiler .......................................................................542
12.5.5 No-Cyclone U-Beam CFBC Boilers ........................................................549
12.6 Utility Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Range Boilers ........................552
12.7 Ignifl uid Boilers ......................................................................................................554
Further Readings ...............................................................................................................558
xiv  Contents
13  Pulverized Fuel Firing .........................................................................................559
13.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................559
13.1.1 Main Features ............................................................................................559
13.1.2 Advantages and Limitations ...................................................................561
13.2 Types of Firing ........................................................................................................562
13.2.1 Indirect Firing ............................................................................................562
13.2.2 Direct Firing ..............................................................................................563
13.3 Milling Plant ............................................................................................................564
13.3.1 Suction and Pressurized Milling ............................................................564
13.3.2 Feeders ........................................................................................................565
13.3.3 Mills or Pulverizers ..................................................................................566
13.3.4 Coal Pipes ...................................................................................................587
13.4 Pulverized Firing Burners .....................................................................................589
13.4.1 Burner Light-Up and Low Load ..............................................................590
13.4.2 Igniters ........................................................................................................591
13.4.3 Flame Monitors and Burner Management System ..............................591
13.4.4 Burner Types ..............................................................................................591
13.4.5 Circular Burners ........................................................................................591
13.4.6 Tangential Corner Burners ......................................................................592
13.4.7 Circular versus Tangential Burners .......................................................594
13.4.8 Vertical Down-Shot Burners ....................................................................594
13.4.9 Corner Firing .............................................................................................596
13.4.10 Low NO x PF Burners ................................................................................596
13.5 Pulverized Fuel Boilers ..........................................................................................598
13.5.1 Design Principles ......................................................................................598
13.5.2 Fuel Flexibility ...........................................................................................602
13.5.3 Co-Firing of Fuels .....................................................................................603
13.5.4 Boiler Turndown .......................................................................................603
13.5.5 PF Boiler Layouts ......................................................................................603
13.5.6 PF Boiler Designs ......................................................................................604
Further Readings ...............................................................................................................609
14  Waste Gas Firing (Heat Recovery Steam Generators) ..................................... 611
14.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 611
14.2 Heat Recovery Steam Generators and Waste Heat Recovery Boilers .............. 611
14.3 Gas Turbines ............................................................................................................612
14.3.1 Gas Turbines for Power: Rapid Growth .................................................613
14.3.2 Defi nitions of Terms ................................................................................. 614
14.3.3 Basics ...........................................................................................................615
14.3.4 Cycles .......................................................................................................... 617
14.3.5 Types ........................................................................................................... 619
14.3.6 Manufacturers ...........................................................................................620
14.3.7 Popular Models .........................................................................................621
14.3.8 Characteristics ...........................................................................................623
14.3.9 Performance Enhancement ......................................................................625
14.4 Heat Recovery Steam Generators .........................................................................627
14.4.1 Conventional Boilers versus HRSGs ......................................................627
14.4.2 Standardized HRSG Designs: Not Possible ..........................................628
14.4.3 Demanding Design ...................................................................................629
Contents  xv
14.4.4 Scope Issues ...............................................................................................629
14.4.5 Diverter Damper and Bypass Stack Assembly .....................................630
14.4.6 Fired HRSGs ..............................................................................................630
14.4.7 Design Aspects ..........................................................................................631
14.4.8 Fins and Tubes ...........................................................................................635
14.4.9 Vertical and Horizontal HRSGs ..............................................................640
14.4.10 System Confi gurations of Typical HRSGs .............................................645
14.4.11 Once-Through Steam Generators (OTSGs) ............................................645
14.4.12 Performance Testing .................................................................................648
14.4.13 Layout of CCPP ..........................................................................................648
Further Readings ...............................................................................................................650
Glossary ..........................................................................................................................651
Appendix A: Boiler Calculations ................................................................................667
A.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................667
A.1.1 Combustion Calculations ...........................................................................667
A.1.2 Effi ciency Calculations ...............................................................................675
A.1.3 Firing Equipment Selection ........................................................................679
A.1.4 Preliminary Furnace Calculations ............................................................680
A.1.5 Draft Plant Calculations .............................................................................681
A.1.6 Sizing of Valves and Mountings ................................................................686
A.1.7 Sizing of Pumps ...........................................................................................690
A.1.8 Sizing of Control Valves .............................................................................692
A.1.9 Sizing of Drives ............................................................................................693
Further Readings ...............................................................................................................695
Appendix B: Table of Combustion Constants ...........................................................697
Appendix C: ASTM Standards Pertaining to Testing and Specification of
Coals and Oils ........................................................................................701
List of Calculations .......................................................................................................703
List of Symbols ..............................................................................................................705
List of Acronyms ...........................................................................................................707
Design Guidelines .......................................................................................................711
Fuel and Ash Data .........................................................................................................713
Technology Comparisons .............................................................................................715
Important Descriptions ................................................................................................717
Index ................................................................................................................................719
xvi  Contents

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