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新手已上路木虫 (职业作家)
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癌细胞转移的最新观点 已有2人参与
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根据英国伦敦大学玛丽皇后学院(QMUL)的早期研究，癌细胞似乎依赖于一种不寻常的存活机制扩散至全身。这个发现可以帮助在未来找到转移和继发性肿瘤的防治方法。 癌细胞转移是癌症治疗最大的挑战。通常不是最开始的肿瘤致命，而是继发性肿瘤。癌细胞冲出了原来的位置，扩散至全身，并形成了新的肿瘤。 癌症研究的一个主要问题是，癌细胞如何能够从一个肿瘤转移至身体其它位置并存活下来。附着在其它肿瘤细胞和周围环境中时细胞会受到保护，但当它们分离时会变得更加脆弱，因而导致细胞死亡。 QMUL的Stéphanie Kermorgant博士说：“癌细胞转移目前是无法治愈的，而且仍然是癌症研究的主要目标之一。我们的研究揭示了，两种关键的分子如何通信并共同工作帮助癌细胞在转移过程中存活下来。我们希望这可以帮助发明出新药以阻止癌细胞在体内的扩散。” 这项研究发表在23日的《Nature Communications》上，使用小鼠和斑马鱼进行研究，测试了癌细胞从肿瘤细胞簇中脱离时发生的变化。研究人员揭示了一个在过去不为人知的癌细胞的生存机制，并发现一种被称为“整联蛋白（integrins）”的分子可能是关键。 整联蛋白是细胞表面的蛋白质，它与细胞周围环境互相起作用。整联蛋白参与“由外向内”和“由内向外”的信号传递，可以帮助癌细胞附着在周围环境中。但是研究发现，当癌细胞转移时，整联蛋白从黏附作用转移至一种全新的通信形式，“从内向内”的信号，整联蛋白在细胞内部传递信号，这在之前从未发现。 研究人员发现一种名为β1的整联蛋白与另一种名为c-Met的蛋白质结成对，它们会相伴而行一起进入细胞内部。这两种蛋白质之后会进入细胞中的一个特定位置，这个位置的作用是降解和回收细胞成分。但在这种情况下，该位置被用于细胞通信，这两个蛋白质会向细胞的其它区域发送信号，并且在转移的过程中触发细胞死亡的防御机制。 研究人员说，这是首次确定癌细胞转移的具体过程。 通过使用乳腺癌和肺癌细胞，研究团队发现，当β1和c-Met被阻止进入细胞时或者进入细胞中特定位置时，癌细胞的转移会被抑制。 整联蛋白抑制剂已经被作为癌症治疗的方法进行了测试。，目前，这种药物可以靶向作用于癌细胞表面的整联蛋白信号的活性。研究人员表示，这也许就能解释为什么这类药物疗效如此差强人意。 一种新的策略是阻止整联蛋白进入细胞。研究人员希望这种观点可以帮助设计出更好的针对癌细胞转移的治疗方法。 该研究团队使用斑马鱼胚胎完成了部分研究工作，为了实现小鼠试验中的3R原则（完善、减少、替代）。斑马鱼可以提供与人类相似的肿瘤微环境，这意味着只需要在小鼠身上做更少的实验，进一步的小鼠实验可以被优化，实现最小的毒性。他们计划减少小鼠使用数量的90%，最终使用斑马鱼完全替代小鼠。 |
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铁虫 (著名写手)
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2楼2016-06-26 18:55:29
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Cancer breakthrough? Novel insight into metastasis could offer new treatments Cancer / Oncology Breast Cancer Biology / Biochemistry Cancer breakthrough? Novel insight into metastasis could offer new treatments Written by Honor Whiteman Published: Friday 24 June 2016 4.5 328SHARE Researchers from the United Kingdom may have made a breakthrough in cancer treatment, after discovering an unusual mechanism by which cancer cells spread and survive in the body. [Cancer cells dividing] Researchers have uncovered a new mechanism by which cancer cells break away from tumors and spread to other parts of the body. In a study published in Nature Communications, researchers reveal how two molecules join forces to help cancer cells survive as they metastasize. Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells break away from the primary tumor and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymph system. Once cancer has spread, the disease becomes much more challenging to treat. Chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiotherapy, and other treatments can yield success for some metastatic cancers, but for most, the prognosis is poor. As an example, the 5-year relative survival rate for women with localized breast cancer - cancer that has not metastasized - is 61 percent. This falls to just 6 percent for women whose breast cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as nearby lymph nodes, the lungs, or bones. As such, researchers are working hard to find ways to prevent cancer from spreading in the first place - and this latest study shows promise for a treatment that does just that. New defense signaling process within cancer cells discovered Lead researchers Dr. Stéphanie Kermorgant, of the Barts Cancer Institute at Queen Mary University London (QMUL), and colleagues set out to see what happens when cancer cells break away from tumors in cell cultures, zebrafish, and mice. They found that "integrins" - proteins on the surface of a cell that bind and communicate with its surroundings - play an important role in the survival of cancer cells after they detach from a primary tumor. The team explains that integrins are known to engage in "outside-in" and "inside-out" signaling, which helps cancer cells bind to their surrounding environment. However, they found that when cancer cells travel during metastasis, the integrins adopt "inside-in" signaling, in which a form of defense signaling occurs within the cell. The video below from Barts Cancer Institute further explains the team's findings: The integrin beta-1 (β1) teams up with a protein called c-Met, and both proteins travel together inside the cancer cell, the authors explain. The proteins then move to a location within the cell that is normally used for degradation and recycling of cell material. However, the proteins use this location to send a signal to other areas of the cancer cell, triggering a defense against cell death. The researchers say this is the first time such a process has been identified in cancer metastasis. Stopping β1 from entering cancer cells could prevent metastasis Next, the team set out to see what would happen if both β1 and c-Met were prevented from entering cells or from traveling to the location needed for defense signaling. On testing both strategies on breast and lung cells, they found that the cells were much less likely to metastasize, suggesting that β1 and c-Met play a vital role in cancer progression. Dr. Kermorgant and colleagues believe their findings suggest that stopping β1 from initially entering cancer cells could be an effective way to combat cancer metastasis. While integrin inhibitors are already being tested as cancer treatments, at present, such drugs target integrin signaling activity on the surface of cancer cells. The team says this may explain why these medications have yielded poor results. "Metastasis is currently incurable and remains one of the key targets of cancer research. Our research advances the knowledge of how two key molecules communicate and work together to help cancer cells survive during metastasis. We're hoping that this might lead to the discovery of new drugs to block the spread of cancer within the body." Dr. Stéphanie Kermorgant |
3楼2016-06-26 20:52:52
4楼2016-06-27 00:53:21