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Chimpanzees spend about half their day    (1)    . "And for context, think about how much time a day you spend chewing." Daniel Lieberman, a professor of human evolutionary biology at Harvard University. "So how did we make that    (2)    , from spending most of our day or half of our day chewing, to spending less than five percent?"

Cooking certainly tenderizes food, making it easier to chew and    (3)    . But evidence for human cookfires goes back only about 500,000 years, if that. And Homo erectus had already    (4)    weaker jaws, and smaller teeth, more than a million years before that. So Lieberman and his colleague Katherine Zink began their    (5)    by recreating a paleolithic dinner: yams, carrots, beets¡­ and goat meat. "If you were to try to eat some raw goat with your teeth you would find that you would chew and chew and chew, it's like bubblegum."

Lucky    (6)    got to experience that, by chewing the food. Either in its wild, un-tenderized state, or after it was bashed or sliced with Flintstonian tools. As the study subjects ate, the researchers    (7)    the frequency and force of each chew. And they found that a diet of abundant, pre-sliced meat, with a side of pounded root vegetables, might have saved Homo erectus two and a half million chews a year. Meaning: less need for big, bulky jaws and teeth. The research is in the journal Nature.

Of course, these days "processed food" has a pretty bad rap. But for our    (8)    , food processing was key. "It's hard for people today to    (9)    what it was like to cook and eat and hunt during those times. For the vast majority of our    (10)    history, our ancestors had to work pretty hard to chew their dinner." Something for you to chew on, perhaps over dinner tonight.
С»ï°éÃÇ£¬ÉÏÖÜÓÖÓÐÐí¶àлï°é¼ÓÈëÎÒÃÇ£¬ÊDz»ÊÇÎÒÃǵĻÎüÒýÁËËûÃÇÄØ£¿ÎÒ½«Ò»Èç¼ÈÍùµØºÍ´ó¼ÒÒ»Æð½ø²½£¬Ã¿Ìì½ø²½Ò»µãµã¡£¾õµÃÉÏÆÚ·ÖÏíµÄ¾ä×ÓºÜÀøÖ¾£¬¼ÌÐø·ÖÏí¸ø´ó¼Ò¡£¡°Every Saturday, you will have a choice: You can either watch TV, or you can study. If you study, it turns out that there will be almost no short term reward. The following Monday, you won't be that much better at your job, and your boss almost certainly won't know you spent all day studying nor tell you "good job." So, you have almost nothing to show for your day of hard work.But here's the secret: If you study hard not just for one weekend, but do so weekend after weekend¡­ for a year¡­ then you will become great at it. I think studying has almost no short term rewards. But the long term rewards are huge! Andrew Ng¡±
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1. explanations
2. reveal
3. challenges
4. dimensions
5. awareness
6. thoughts
7. mentality
8. worthwhile
9. realistic
10. reflections