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[×ÊÔ´] It's a Nonlinear World

Preface xi
Part I: WORLD OF MATHEMATICS 1
1 World of Nonlinear Systems
1.1 Introduction to Nonlinear ODE Models
1.2 Introduction to Difference Equation Models
1.3 Solving Nonlinear ODEs on the Computer ..
3
4
9
12
2 World of Nonlinear ODEs
2.1 Breakdown of Linear Superposition.
2.2 Some Analytically Solvable Examples .
2.3 Fixed Points and Phase-Plane Analysis ..
2.4 Bifurcations .
2.5 Hysteresis and the Jump Phenomena ..
2.6 Limit Cycles .
2.7 Strange Attractors and Chaos .
2.8 Fractal Dimensions . . .
2.9 Poincare Sections .
2.10 Power Spectrum .. . .
29
30
32
36
44
47
49
53
56
58
59
71
71
73
74
75
77
80
82
84
86
89
Fixed Points of One-Dimensional Maps .
Stability Criterion . . . . . . . . . .
Cobweb Diagram. . . . . . . ....
Period Doubling to Chaos . . . . . .
Creating Lorenz Maps. ... . .
Lyapunov Exponent . . . . . . . . .
Two-Dimensional Maps .. . . . . .
Mandelbrot and Julia Sets .
Chaos versus Noise . . . . . .
Controlling Chaos .
3 World of Nonlinear Maps
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
vii
viii CONTENTS
4 World of Solitons
4.1 Korteweg-deVries Solitons ..
4.2 Sine-Gordon Solitons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Similarity Solutions. . . . .
4.4 Numerical Simulation ...
4.4.1 Finite Difference Approximations ..
4.4.2 The Zabusky-Kruskal Algorithm . .
4.4.3 Method of Characteristics .
4.4.4 Numerical Algorithm for the SGE .
4.4.5 Numerical Stability. . . . . . . . .
4.5 Extension to Cellular Automata .
99
101
104
107
109
109
111
114
115
117
119
Part II: OUR NONLINEAR WORLD 129
5 World of Motion
5.1 Nonlinear Drag or Resistance .
5.2 Nonlinear Lift .
5.3 The Pendulum, Simple and Otherwise
5.3.1 The Simple Pendulum .
5.3.2 Parametric Excitation .
5.3.3 The Rotating Pendulum . .
5.4 Nonlinear Springs .
5.4.1 Lattice Dynamics .
5.5 Hysteresis and Jumps Revisited .
5.6 Precession of Mercury . . . . . .
5.7 Saturn's Rings: A "Toy" Model.
5.8 Hamiltonian Chaos .
131
131
137
141
141
146
147
148
152
153
155
158
161
173
173
176
178
181
184
186
187
The Aerodynamics of Sports Balls . . . . .
Bend It Like Beckham ...
A Major League Curveball .
Golf Ball Trajectory . . . .
A Falling Badminton Bird .
Car Racing ....
Medieval Archery . . . . . . . . . . .
6 World of Sports
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
7 World of Electromagnetism
7.1 Nonlinear Electrical Circuits. . . . . . . . .
7.1.1 Nonlinear Inductance .
7.1.2 Nonlinear Capacitance . . .
7.1.3 Chua's Circuit: Piecewise-Linear Negative Resistance
7.1.4 Tunnel Diode Oscillator .
7.1.5 Josephson Junction .
193
193
193
196
197
199
203
CONTENTS ix
7.1.6 SQUID Magnetometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . 208
7.2 Nonlinear Optics . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 209
7.2.1 Optical Soliton Propagation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
7.2.2 The Navier-Stokes Equations . . . . . . .. 213
7.2.3 Stimulated Scattering of Light 216
7.3 The Earth's Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 218
7.3.1 Aurora Borealis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
7.3.2 The Drifting North Magnetic Pole . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.3.3 The Geodynamo Origin of the Earth's Magnetic Field 222
8 World of Weather Prediction
8.1 Early History .
8.2 The Barotropic Vorticity Equation
8.3 Some Meteorological Concepts ...
8.4 Modern Numerical Weather Forecasting
9 World of Chemistry
9.1 Chemical Reactions .
9.1.1 Autocatalysis .
9.1.2 Michaelis-Menten Enzyme Kinetics ..
9.1.3 Lotka-Volterra Mechanism
9.2 Chemical Oscillators .. . .
9.2.1 The Oregonator .
9.2.2 The Brusselator .
9.3 Chemical Waves and Patterns .
9.3.1 Target Patterns and Spiral Waves .
9.3.2 Reaction-Diffusion Equations .
9.3.3 How the Leopard Got Its Spots .
10 World of Disease
10.1 Classifying the Spread of Infectious Diseases ..
10.2 Basic Models of Disease Transmission .
10.2.1 The SIS Model .
10.2.2 The SIR Model without Vital Dynamics .
10.2.3 The SIR Model with Vital Dynamics .
10.2.4 Herd Immunity and Vaccination .. . .
10.2.5 Geographic Spread of an Epidemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3 Examples of Disease Growth . .
10.3.1 Mad Cow Disease. . . . . . . .
10.3.2 Avascular Tumor Growth . . . . . . . . . .
11 World of War
11.1 The Coevolutionary Arms Race .
11.1.1 The Newt versus the Garter Snake. . . . . . . . .
11.1.2 Biological Arms Race with a Dangerous Prey .....
235
236
237
239
244
255
255
255
257
261
263
263
266
268
268
269
272
281
282
283
284
286
289
291
292
296
296
300
311
312
312
314
x CONTENTS
11.1.3 The Wild Parsnip and Geographic Mosaic Theory .
11.2 Human Conflict .
11.2.1 Political Complexity: Nonlinear Models of Politics
11.2.2 Richardson Arms Race Model .
11.2.3 Chaos-a Model for the Outbreak of War .
11.2.4 The Dynamics of Warfare: Lanchester Equations
11.2.5 War of the Fire Ants .
Bibliography
Index
322
323
323
324
326
335
337
345
367
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