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mainpro荣誉版主 (著名写手)
一路上有你，小木虫
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【理工学科版系列有奖活动之六】：征集理工学科发展动态文献
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理工学科版系列有奖活动之六：征集理工学科发展动态文献 为了更好地了解理工各学科发展的过去与现在，准确把握未来的发展方向，配合理工学科版的学术交流活动，现向虫子们征集相关文献。 文献的内容与类别要求是理工各学科的最新理论进展和研究综述，也欢迎某一类问题的实证研究进展。 文献的来源要求主要是期刊，并以英文期刊为主，中文期刊限制以少数顶级期刊为主。其他类型的材料来源根据质量情况给予适当的奖励！ 为了便于大家查阅，请按照如下格式发贴： 1、帖子标题：[学科][方向]+理论进展（或综述，或实证研究） 2、帖子内容应包括： 文献标题： 期刊名称： 内容简介：用1-2句中文简要说明一下 最后，压缩并上传文献 欢迎就相应内容发表自己的评论，根据质量奖1-15分。 请直接在下面跟贴！ 对前10个帖子将加大奖励力度，欢迎大家踊跃参与！同一学科的帖子将综合期刊、文献内容与质量、发表时间等因素综合考虑评分多少；建议类跟贴不计入前10个帖子内。 如果有好的建议，欢迎跟贴！中肯的建议有奖励！ [ Last edited by laizuliang on 2007-6-27 at 21:48 ] |
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another 100 b How much do vertebrates depend on the innate immune system to fight infection? This system predates the vertebrate adaptive immune response. Its relative importance is unclear, but immunologists are working to find out. Does immunologic memory require chronic exposure to antigens? Yes, say a few prominent thinkers, but experiments with mice now challenge the theory. Putting the debate to rest would require proving that something is not there, so the question likely will not go away. Why doesn't a pregnant woman reject her fetus? Recent evidence suggests that the mother's immune system doesn't "realize" that the fetus is foreign even though it gets half its genes from the father. Yet just as Nobelist Peter Medawar said when he first raised this question in 1952, "the verdict has yet to be returned." What synchronizes an organism's circadian clocks? Circadian clock genes have popped up in all types of creatures and in many parts of the body. Now the challenge is figuring out how all the gears fit together and what keeps the clocks set to the same time. How do migrating organisms find their way? Birds, butterflies, and whales make annual journeys of thousands of kilometers. They rely on cues such as stars and magnetic fields, but the details remain unclear. Why do we sleep? A sound slumber may refresh muscles and organs or keep animals safe from dangers lurking in the dark. But the real secret of sleep probably resides in the brain, which is anything but still while we're snoring away. Why do we dream? Freud thought dreaming provides an outlet for our unconscious desires. Now, neuroscientists suspect that brain activity during REM sleep--when dreams occur--is crucial for learning. Is the experience of dreaming just a side effect? Why are there critical periods for language learning? Monitoring brain activity in young children--including infants--may shed light on why children pick up languages with ease while adults often struggle to learn train station basics in a foreign tongue. Do pheromones influence human behavior? Many animals use airborne chemicals to communicate, particularly when mating. Controversial studies have hinted that humans too use pheromones. Identifying them will be key to assessing their sway on our social lives. How do general anesthetics work? Scientists are chipping away at the drugs' effects on individual neurons, but understanding how they render us unconscious will be a tougher nut to crack. What causes schizophrenia? Researchers are trying to track down genes involved in this disorder. Clues may also come from research on traits schizophrenics share with normal people. What causes autism? Many genes probably contribute to this baffling disorder, as well as unknown environmental factors. A biomarker for early diagnosis would help improve existing therapy, but a cure is a distant hope. To what extent can we stave off Alzheimer's? A 5- to 10-year delay in this late-onset disease would improve old age for millions. Researchers are determining whether treatments with hormones or antioxidants, or mental and physical exercise, will help. What is the biological basis of addiction? Addiction involves the disruption of the brain's reward circuitry. But personality traits such as impulsivity and sensation-seeking also play a part in this complex behavior. Is morality hardwired into the brain? That question has long puzzled philosophers; now some neuroscientists think brain imaging will reveal circuits involved in reasoning. What are the limits of learning by machines? Computers can already beat the world's best chess players, and they have a wealth of information on the Web to draw on. But abstract reasoning is still beyond any machine. How much of personality is genetic? Aspects of personality are influenced by genes; environment modifies the genetic effects. The relative contributions remain under debate. What is the biological root of sexual orientation? Much of the "environmental" contribution to homosexuality may occur before birth in the form of prenatal hormones, so answering this question will require more than just the hunt for "gay genes." Will there ever be a tree of life that systematists can agree on? Despite better morphological, molecular, and statistical methods, researchers' trees don't agree. Expect greater, but not complete, consensus. How many species are there on Earth? Count all the stars in the sky? Impossible. Count all the species on Earth? Ditto. But the biodiversity crisis demands that we try. What is a species? A "simple" concept that's been muddied by evolutionary data; a clear definition may be a long time in coming. Why does lateral transfer occur in so many species and how? Once considered rare, gene swapping, particularly among microbes, is proving quite common. But why and how genes are so mobile--and the effect on fitness--remains to be determined. Who was LUCA (the last universal common ancestor)? Ideas about the origin of the 1.5-billion-year-old "mother" of all complex organisms abound. The continued discovery of primitive microbes, along with comparative genomics, should help resolve life's deep past. How did flowers evolve? Darwin called this question an "abominable mystery." Flowers arose in the cycads and conifers, but the details of their evolution remain obscure. How do plants make cell walls? Cellulose and pectin walls surround cells, keeping water in and supporting tall trees. The biochemistry holds the secrets to turning its biomass into fuel. How is plant growth controlled? Redwoods grow to be hundreds of meters tall, Arctic willows barely 10 centimeters. Understanding the difference could lead to higher-yielding crops. Why aren't all plants immune to all diseases? Plants can mount a general immune response, but they also maintain molecular snipers that take out specific pathogens. Plant pathologists are asking why different species, even closely related ones, have different sets of defenders. The answer could result in hardier crops. What is the basis of variation in stress tolerance in plants? We need crops that better withstand drought, cold, and other stresses. But there are so many genes involved, in complex interactions, that no one has yet figured out which ones work how. What caused mass extinctions? A huge impact did in the dinosaurs, but the search for other catastrophic triggers of extinction has had no luck so far. If more subtle or stealthy culprits are to blame, they will take considerably longer to find. Can we prevent extinction? Finding cost-effective and politically feasible ways to save many endangered species requires creative thinking. Why were some dinosaurs so large? Dinosaurs reached almost unimaginable sizes, some in less than 20 years. But how did the long-necked sauropods, for instance, eat enough to pack on up to 100 tons without denuding their world? How will ecosystems respond to global warming? To anticipate the effects of the intensifying greenhouse, climate modelers will have to focus on regional changes and ecologists on the right combination of environmental changes. How many kinds of humans coexisted in the recent past, and how did they relate? The new dwarf human species fossil from Indonesia suggests that at least four kinds of humans thrived in the past 100,000 years. Better dates and additional material will help confirm or revise this picture. What gave rise to modern human behavior? Did Homo sapiens acquire abstract thought, language, and art gradually or in a cultural "big bang," which in Europe occurred about 40,000 years ago? Data from Africa, where our species arose, may hold the key to the answer. What are the roots of human culture? No animal comes close to having humans' ability to build on previous discoveries and pass the improvements on. What determines those differences could help us understand how human culture evolved. What are the evolutionary roots of language and music? Neuroscientists exploring how we speak and make music are just beginning to find clues as to how these prized abilities arose. What are human races, and how did they develop? Anthropologists have long argued that race lacks biological reality. But our genetic makeup does vary with geographic origin and as such raises political and ethical as well as scientific questions. Why do some countries grow and others stagnate? From Norway to Nigeria, living standards across countries vary enormously, and they're not becoming more equal. What impact do large government deficits have on a country's interest rates and economic growth rate? The United States could provide a test case. Are political and economic freedom closely tied? China may provide one answer. Why has poverty increased and life expectancy declined in sub-Saharan Africa? Almost all efforts to reduce poverty in sub-Saharan Africa have failed. Figuring out what will work is crucial to alleviating massive human suffering. The following six mathematics questions are drawn from a list of seven outstanding problems selected by the Clay Mathematics Institute. (The seventh problem is discussed on p. 96.) For more details, go to www.claymath.org/millennium. Is there a simple test for determining whether an elliptic curve has an infinite number of rational solutions? Equations of the form y2 = x3 ax b are powerful mathematical tools. The Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture tells how to determine how many solutions they have in the realm of rational numbers--information that could solve a host of problems, if the conjecture is true. Can a Hodge cycle be written as a sum of algebraic cycles? Two useful mathematical structures arose independently in geometry and in abstract algebra. The Hodge conjecture posits a surprising link between them, but the bridge remains to be built. Will mathematicians unleash the power of the Navier-Stokes equations? First written down in the 1840s, the equations hold the keys to understanding both smooth and turbulent flow. To harness them, though, theorists must find out exactly when they work and under what conditions they break down. Does Poincaré's test identify spheres in four-dimensional space? You can tie a string around a doughnut, but it will slide right off a sphere. The mathematical principle behind that observation can reliably spot every spherelike object in 3D space. Henri Poincaré conjectured that it should also work in the next dimension up, but no one has proved it yet. Do mathematically interesting zero-value solutions of the Riemann zeta function all have the form a bi? Don't sweat the details. Since the mid-19th century, the "Riemann hypothesis" has been the monster catfish in mathematicians' pond. If true, it will give them a wealth of information about the distribution of prime numbers and other long-standing mysteries. Does the Standard Model of particle physics rest on solid mathematical foundations? For almost 50 years, the model has rested on "quantum Yang-Mills theory," which links the behavior of particles to structures found in geometry. The theory is breathtakingly elegant and useful--but no one has proved that it's sound. |
27楼2005-07-12 18:31:53
笨笨鸟
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good good study, day day up
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mainpro(金币+3):谢谢你的意见，辛苦了！欢迎常来理工学科版学术交流！
mainpro(金币+3):谢谢你的意见，辛苦了！欢迎常来理工学科版学术交流！
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现在分的越来越细，即使是一个学科，不同的方向进展的也不一样，比如我们的半导体，有的还在做Si，有的已经是第三代半导体材料，即使材料相同，用途也可能不同，这样就很难在一篇或几篇文献中讲全。 所以是不是分的再细点，把学科改为学科 /方向/材料啊。比如半导体蓝光材料 或高/低K材料等。 同时是否考虑经自己处理做成中文ppt的附上这些文献给与重奖啊 请考虑，谢谢 接贵宝地发个好消息： 2004SCI影响因子，绝对正宗！特别感谢 aqi96 http://muchong.com/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=98641&fpage=1 大家看看啊，我等了好久啊！ 失态了  [ Last edited by 笨笨鸟 on 2005-6-18 at 23:06 ] |
2楼2005-06-18 18:51:13
liuzhiyong
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好建议,我是报名进来学习的 3楼2005-06-18 20:50:55
sdlwwxb
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4楼2005-06-18 21:18:53
