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[资源] 【ebook】Compact-Blue-Green-Lasers

COMPACT BLUE-GREEN LASERS
This book describes the theory and practical implementation of three techniques
for the generation of blue-green light: nonlinear frequency conversion of infrared
lasers, upconversion lasers, and wide-bandgap semiconductor diode lasers.
The book begins with a discussion of the various applications that have driven
the development of compact sources of blue-green light. Part 1 then describes approaches
to blue-green light generation that exploit second-order nonlinear optics,
including single-pass, intracavity, resonator-enhanced and guided-wave second harmonic
generation. Part 2, concerned with upconversion lasers, investigates how the
energy of multiple red or infrared photons can be combined to directly pump bluegreen
laser transitions. The physical basis of this approach is thoroughly discussed
and both bulk-optic and fiber-optic implementations are described. Part 3 describes
wide-bandgap blue-green semiconductor diode lasers, implemented in both II–VI
and III–V materials. The concluding chapter reflects on the progress in developing
these lasers and using them in practical applications such as high-density data
storage, color displays, reprographics, and biomedical technology.
Compact Blue-Green Lasers provides the first comprehensive, unified treatment
of this subject and is suitable for use as an introductory textbook for graduate-level
courses or as a reference for academics and professionals in optics, applied physics,
and electrical engineering.
william p. risk received the PhD degree from Stanford University in 1986. He
joined the IBM Corporation in 1986 as a Research Staff Member at the Almaden
Research Center in San Jose, CA. His work there for several years was concerned
with the development of compact blue-green lasers for high-density optical data
storage. More recently, he has been active in the emerging field of quantum information,
and now manages the Quantum Information Group at the Almaden Research
Center. Dr Risk has authored or coauthored some 70 publications in technical
journals and conference proceedings and holds several patents.
timothy r. gosnell has been a technical staff member at Los Alamos National
Laboratory since receiving his PhD in physics from Cornell University in 1986. He
has pursued research activities in the areas of biophysics, nonlinear optics, ultrafast
laser physics and applications, upconversion lasers, and most recently in the laser
cooling of solids and applications of magnetic resonance to single-spin detection.
He is the author of over 40 scientific papers and editor of several books in these
fields. In addition to his research work in the public sector, Dr Gosnell has recently
entered the private sector as a senior scientist for Pixon LLC, an informatics startup
company that applies information theory and advanced statistical techniques to
image processing and the analysis of complex algebraic systems.
arto v. nurmikko received his PhD degree in electrical engineering from the
University of California, Berkeley. Following a postdoctoral position at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, he joined Brown University Faculty of Electrical
Engineering in 1975. He is presently the L. Herbert Ballou University Professor of
Engineering and Physics, as well as the Director of the Center for Advanced Materials
Research. Professor Nurmikko is an international authority on experimental
condensed matter physics and quantum electronics, particularly on the use of laserbased
microscopies and advanced spectroscopy for both fundamental and applied
purposes. His current interests are focused on optoelectronic material nanostructures
and their device science. Professor Nurmikko is the author of approximately
270 scientific journal publications.

Contents
Preface page xi
1 The need for compact blue-green lasers 1
1.1 A short historical overview 1
1.2 Applications for compact blue-green lasers 3
1.2.1 Optical data storage 3
1.2.2 Reprographics 5
1.2.3 Color displays 6
1.2.4 Submarine communications 8
1.2.5 Spectroscopic applications 12
1.2.6 Biotechnology 14
1.3 Blue-green and beyond 17
References 17
Part1 Blue-green lasers based on nonlinear frequency conversion 20
2 Fundamentals of nonlinear frequency upconversion 20
2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 Basic principles of SHG and SFG 21
2.2.1 The nature of the nonlinear polarization 21
2.2.2 Frequencies of the induced polarization 23
2.2.3 The d coefficient 28
2.2.4 The generated wave 30
2.2.5 SHG with monochromatic waves 34
2.2.6 Multi-longitudinal mode sources 34
2.2.7 Pump depletion 38
2.3 Spatial confinement 43
2.3.1 Boyd–Kleinman analysis for SHG with circular
gaussian beams 43
2.3.2 Guided-wave SHG 51
v
vi Contents
2.4 Phasematching 56
2.4.1 Introduction 56
2.4.2 Birefringent phasematching 57
2.4.3 Quasi-phasematching (QPM) 71
2.4.4 Waveguide phasematching 90
2.4.5 Other phasematching techniques 97
2.4.6 Summary 101
2.5 Materials for nonlinear generation of blue-green light 101
2.5.1 Introduction 101
2.5.2 Lithiumniobate (LN) 101
2.5.3 Lithiumtantalate (LT) 108
2.5.4 Potassiumtitanyl phosphate (KTP) 110
2.5.5 Rubidiumtitanyl arsenate (RTA) 115
2.5.6 Other KTP isomorphs 119
2.5.7 Potassiumniobate (KN) 119
2.5.8 Potassiumlithiumniobate (KLN) 121
2.5.9 Lithiumiodate 123
2.5.10 Beta barium borate (BBO) and lithium
borate (LBO) 124
2.5.11 Other materials 126
2.6 Summary 130
References 130
3 Single-pass SHG and SFG 149
3.1 Introduction 149
3.2 Direct single-pass SHG of diode lasers 151
3.2.1 Early experiments with gain-guided lasers 151
3.2.2 Early experiments with index-guided lasers 154
3.2.3 High-power index-guided narrow-stripe lasers 156
3.2.4 Multiple-stripe arrays 157
3.2.5 Broad-area lasers 160
3.2.6 Master oscillator–power amplifier (MOPA)
configurations 161
3.2.7 Angled-grating distributed feedback (DFB)
lasers 169
3.3 Single-pass SHG of diode-pumped solid-state lasers 170
3.3.1 Frequency-doubling of 1064-nm Nd:YAG
lasers 177
3.3.2 Frequency-doubling of 946-nmNd:YAG lasers 177
3.3.3 Sum-frequency mixing 178
3.4 Summary 178
References 179
Contents vii
4 Resonator-enhanced SHG and SFG 183
4.1 Introduction 183
4.2 Theory of resonator enhancement 187
4.2.1 The impact of loss 189
4.2.2 Impedance matching 191
4.2.3 Frequency matching 193
4.2.4 Approaches to frequency locking 194
4.2.5 Mode matching 207
4.3 Other considerations 213
4.3.1 Temperature locking 213
4.3.2 Modulation 214
4.3.3 Bireflection in monolithic ring resonators 215
4.4 Summary 220
References 220
5 Intracavity SHG and SFG 223
5.1 Introduction 223
5.2 Theory of intracavity SHG 224
5.3 The “green problem” 229
5.3.1 The problemitself 229
5.3.2 Solutions to the “green problem” 231
5.3.3 Single-mode operation 235
5.4 Blue lasers based on intracavity SHG of 946-nm
Nd:YAG lasers 245
5.5 Intracavity SHG of Cr:LiSAF lasers 249
5.6 Self-frequency-doubling 250
5.6.1 Nd:LN 251
5.6.2 NYAB 252
5.6.3 Periodically-poled materials 253
5.6.4 Other materials 253
5.7 Intracavity sum-frequency mixing 253
5.8 Summary 255
References 256
6 Guided-wave SHG 263
6.1 Introduction 263
6.2 Fabrication issues 264
6.3 Integration issues 269
6.3.1 Feedback and frequency stability 270
6.3.2 Polarization compatibility 276
6.3.3 Coupling 282
6.3.4 Control of the phasematching condition 283
6.3.5 Extrinsic efficiency enhancement 284
viii Contents
6.4 Summary 286
References 287
Part2 Upconversion lasers: Physics and devices 292
7 Essentials of upconversion laser physics 292
7.1 Introduction to upconversion lasers and rare-earth
optical physics 292
7.1.1 Overview of rare-earth spectroscopy 295
7.1.2 Qualitative features of rare-earth spectroscopy 296
7.2 Elements of atomic structure 303
7.2.1 The effective central potential 303
7.2.2 Electronic structure of the free rare-earth ions 306
7.3 The Judd–Ofelt expression for optical intensities 324
7.3.1 Basic formulation 325
7.3.2 The Judd–Ofelt expression for the oscillator
strength 329
7.3.3 Selection rules for electric dipole transitions 336
7.4 Nonradiative relaxation 338
7.5 Radiationless energy transfer 341
7.6 Mechanisms of upconversion 345
7.6.1 Resonant multi-photon absorption 345
7.6.2 Cooperative upconversion 348
7.6.3 Rate equation formulation of upconversion by
radiationless energy transfer 357
7.6.4 The photon avalanche 360
7.7 Essentials of laser physics 363
7.7.1 Qualitative picture 364
7.7.2 Rate equations for continuous-wave
amplification and laser oscillation 365
7.8 Summary 382
References 383
8 Upconversion lasers 385
8.1 Historical introduction 385
8.2 Bulk upconversion lasers 397
8.2.1 Upconversion pumped Er3+ infrared lasers 398
8.2.2 Er3+ visible upconversion lasers 410
8.2.3 Tm3+ upconversion lasers 420
8.2.4 Pr3+ upconversion lasers 424
8.2.5 Nd3+ upconversion lasers 425
8.3 Upconversion fiber lasers 427
8.3.1 Er3+ fiber lasers; 4S3/2 → 4 I15/2 transition
at 556 nm 433
Contents ix
8.3.2 Tm3+ fiber lasers 436
8.3.3 Pr3+ fiber lasers 445
8.3.4 Ho3+ fiber lasers, 5S2 → 5 I8 transition
at ∼550 nm 455
8.3.5 Nd3+ fiber lasers 457
8.4 Prospects 458
References 460
Part3 Blue-green semiconductor lasers 468
9 Introduction to blue-green semiconductor lasers 468
9.1 Overview 468
9.2 Overview of physical properties of wide-bandgap
semiconductors 470
9.2.1 Lattice matching 470
9.2.2 Epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELOG) 472
9.2.3 Basic physical parameters 474
9.3 Doping in wide-gap semiconductors 475
9.4 Ohmic contacts for p-type wide-gap semiconductors 478
9.4.1 Ohmic contacts to p-AlGaInN 479
9.4.2 New approaches to p-contacts 481
9.4.3 Ohmic contacts to p-ZnSe: bandstructure
engineering 482
9.5 Summary 484
References 484
10 Device design, performance, and physics of optical gain of the
InGaN QWviolet diode lasers 487
10.1 Overview of blue and green diode laser device issues 487
10.2 The InGaN MQW violet diode laser: Design and
performance 488
10.2.1 Layered design and epitaxial growth 488
10.2.2 Diode laser fabrication and performance 496
10.3 Physics of optical gain in the InGaN MQWdiode laser 501
10.3.1 On the electronic microstructure of InGaNQWs 506
10.3.2 Excitonic contributions in green-blue
ZnSe-based QWdiode lasers 509
10.4 Summary 513
References 513
11 Prospects and properties for vertical-cavity blue light emitters 517
11.1 Background 517
11.2 Optical resonator design and fabrication: Demonstration
of optically-pumped VCSEL operation in the
380–410-nmrange 518
x Contents
11.2.1 All-dielectric DBR resonator 519
11.2.2 Stress engineering of AlGaN/GaN DBRs 521
11.3 Electrical injection: Demonstration resonant-cavity
LEDs 524
11.4 Summary 530
References 530
12 Concluding remarks 533
References 536
Index 537

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