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[求助] 求<introduction to Meta-analysis>中2句话怎么理解

求<introduction to Meta-analysis>中以下斜体字的2句话怎么理解
1关于标准均数差的
The standardized mean difference can be considered as being comparable across
studies based on either of two arguments (Hedges and Olkin, 1985). If the outcome
measures in all studies are linear transformations of each other, the standardized mean
difference can be seen as the mean difference that would have been obtained if all data
were transformed to a scalewhere the standard deviation within-groups was equal to 1.0.


2关于风险比 比数比 风险差这几个效应量的使用
The risk ratio and odds ratio are relative measures, and therefore tend to be
relatively insensitive to differences in baseline events. By contrast, the risk
difference is an absolute measure and as such is very sensitive to the baseline
risk. If we wanted to test a compound and believed that it reduced the risk of an
event by 20%regardless of the baseline risk, then by using a ratio index we would
expect to see the same effect size across studies even if the baseline risk varied
from study to study. The risk difference, by contrast, would be higher in studies
with a higher base rate

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