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[资源] 【ebook】Handbook of Optical Design, 2nd Edition

Handbook of Optical Design, 2nd Edition

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
The first edition of this book was published as Handbook of Lens Design (Marcel
Dekker, Inc., 1994).
ISBN: 0-8247-4613-9
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Headquarters
Marcel Dekker, Inc.
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
tel: 212-696-9000; fax: 212-685-4540
Eastern Hemisphere Distribution
Marcel Dekker AG
Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
tel: 41-61-260-6300; fax: 41-61-260-6333
World Wide Web
http://www.dekker.com
The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For
more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters
address above.
Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and
recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publisher.
Current printing (last digit):
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Preface to the Second Edition
The first edition of this book was used by our students in a lens design
course for several years. Taking advantage of this experience, this second
edition has been greatly improved in several aspects.
Most of the material in the original second chapter was considered
quite important and useful as a reference. However, to make an
introductory course on lens design more fluid and simple, most of the
material was transferred to the end of the book as an Appendix. In several
other sections the book was also restructured with the same objective in
mind.
Some of the modifications introduced include the clarification and a
more complete explanation of some concepts, as suggested by some readers.
Additional material was written, including additional new references to
make the book more complete and up to date. We will mention only a few
examples. Some gradient index systems are now described with greater
detail. The new wavefront representation by means of arrays of gaussians is
included. The Delano diagram section was enlarged. More details on
astigmatic surfaces with two different curvatures in orthogonal diameters
are given.
We would like to thank our friends and students who used the
previous edition of this book. They provided us with many suggestions and
pointed out a few typographical errors to improve the book.
Daniel Malacara
Zacarias Malacara

Contents
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
1. Geometrical Optics Principles
1.1 Wave Nature of Light and Fermat’s Principle
1.2 Reflection and Refraction Laws
1.3 Basic Meridional Ray Tracing Equations
1.4 Gaussian or First-Order Optics
1.5 Image Formation
1.6 Stop, Pupils, and Principal Ray
1.7 Optical Sine Theorem
1.8 Herschel Invariant and Image Magnifications
1.9 Ray Aberrations and Wave Aberrations
References
2. Thin Lenses and Spherical Mirrors
2.1 Thin Lenses
2.2 Formulas for Image Formation with Thin Lenses
2.3 Nodal Points of a Thin Lens
2.4 Image Formation with Convergent Lenses
2.5 Image Formation with Divergent Lenses
References
3. Systems of Several Lenses and Thick Lenses
3.1 Focal Length and Power of a Lens System
3.2 Image Formation with Thick Lenses or Systems of Lenses
3.3 Cardinal Points
3.4 Image Formation with a Tilted or Curved Object
3.5 Thick Lenses
3.6 Systems of Thin Lenses
© 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
3.7 The Lagrange Invariant in a System of Thin Lenses
3.8 Effect of Object or Stop Shifting
3.9 The Delano y–y Diagram
References
4. Spherical Aberration
4.1 Spherical Aberration Calculation
4.2 Primary Spherical Aberration
4.3 Aspherical Surfaces
4.4 Spherical Aberration of Aspherical Surfaces
4.5 Surfaces without Spherical Aberration
4.6 Aberration Polynomial for Spherical Aberration
4.7 High-Order Spherical Aberration
4.8 Spherical Aberration Correction with Gradient Index
References
5. Monochromatic Off-Axis Aberrations
5.1 Oblique Rays
5.2 Petzval Curvature
5.3 Coma
5.4 Astigmatism
5.5 Distortion
5.6 Off-Axis Aberrations in Aspherical Surfaces
5.7 Aberrations and Wavefront Deformations
5.8 Symmetrical Principle
5.9 Stop Shift Equations
References
6. Chromatic Aberrations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Axial Chromatic Aberration
6.3 Secondary Color Aberration
6.4 Magnification Chromatic Aberration
References
7. The Aberration Polynomial
7.1 Wave Aberration Polynomial
7.2 Zernike Polynomials
7.3 Wavefront Representation by an Array of Gaussians
7.4 Transverse Aberration Polynomials
References
© 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
8. Diffraction in Optical Systems
8.1 Huygens–Fresnel Theory
8.2 Fresnel Diffraction
8.3 Fraunhofer Diffraction
8.4 Diffraction Images with Aberrations
8.5 Strehl Ratio
8.6 Optical Transfer Function
8.7 Resolution Criteria
8.8 Gaussian Beams
References
9. Computer Evaluation of Optical Systems
9.1 Meridional Ray Tracing and Stop Position Analysis
9.2 Spot Diagram
9.3 Wavefront Deformation
9.4 Point and Line Spread Functions
9.5 Optical Transfer Function
9.6 Tolerance to Aberrations
References
10. Prisms
10.1 Tunnel Diagram
10.2 Deflecting a Light Beam
10.3 Transforming an Image
10.4 Deflecting and Transforming Prisms
10.5 Nondeflecting Transforming Prisms
10.6 Beam-Splitting Prisms
10.7 Chromatic Dispersing Prisms
References
11. Simple Optical Systems and Photographic Lenses
11.1 Optical Systems Diversity
11.2 Single Lens
11.3 Spherical and Paraboloidal Mirrors
11.4 Periscopic Lens
11.5 Achromatic Landscape Lenses
11.6 Achromatic Double Lens
11.7 Some Catoptric and Catadioptric Systems
11.8 Fresnel Lenses and Gabor Plates
References
© 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
12. Complex Photographic Lenses
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Asymmetrical Systems
12.3 Symmetrical Anastigmat Systems
12.4 Varifocal and Zoom Lenses
References
13. The Human Eye and Ophthalmic Lenses
13.1 The Human Eye
13.2 Ophthalmic Lenses
13.3 Ophthalmic Lens Design
13.4 Prismatic Lenses
13.5 Spherocylindrical Lenses
References
14. Astronomical Telescopes
14.1 Resolution and Light Gathering Power
14.2 Catadioptric Cameras
14.3 Newton Telescope
14.4 Reflecting Two-Mirror Telescopes
14.5 Field Correctors
14.6 Catadioptric Telescopes
14.7 Multiple Mirror Telescopes
14.8 Active and Adaptive Optics
References
15. Visual Systems, Visual Telescopes, and Afocal Systems
15.1 Visual Optical Systems
15.2 Basic Telescopic System
15.3 Afocal Systems
15.4 Refracting Objectives
15.5 Visual and Terrestrial Telescopes
15.6 Telescope Eyepieces
15.7 Relays and Periscopes
References
16. Microscopes
16.1 Compound Microscope
16.2 Microscope Objectives
16.3 Microscope Eyepieces
16.4 Microscope Illuminators
References
© 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
17. Projection Systems
17.1 Slide and Movie Projectors
17.2 Coherence Effects in Projectors
17.3 Main Projector Components
17.4 Anamorphic Projection
17.5 Overhead Projectors
17.6 Profile Projectors
17.7 Television Projectors
References
18. Lens Design Optimization
18.1 Basic Principles
18.2 Optimization Methods
18.3 Glatzel Adaptive Method
18.4 Constrained Damped Least Squares Optimization
Method
18.5 Merit Function and Boundary Conditions
18.6 Modern Trends in Optical Design
18.7 Flow Chart for a Lens Optimization Program
18.8 Lens Design and Evaluation Programs
18.9 Some Commercial Lens Design Programs
References
Appendix 1. Notation and Primary Aberration Coefficients
Summary
A1.1 Notation
A1.2 Summary of Primary Aberration Coefficients
Appendix 2. Mathematical Representation of Optical Surfaces
A2.1 Spherical and Aspherical Surfaces
References
Appendix 3. Optical Materials
A3.1 Optical Glasses
A3.2 Optical Plastics
A3.3 Infrared and Ultraviolet Materials
Bibliography
Appendix 4. Exact Ray Tracing of Skew Rays
A4.1 Exact Ray Tracing
A4.2 Summary of Ray Tracing Results
© 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
A4.3 Tracing Through Tilted or Decentered Optical
Surfaces
References
Appendix 5. General Bibliography on Lens Design
© 2004

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