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Contents
Preface v
1 Topological Spaces 1
1.1 Basic Notions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Subspaces. Quotient Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Products and Sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 Compact Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5 Proper Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.6 Paracompact Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.7 Topological Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.8 Transformation Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.9 Projective Spaces. Grassmann Manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2 The Fundamental Group 24
2.1 The Notion of Homotopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 Further Homotopy Notions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3 Standard Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4 Mapping Spaces and Homotopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.5 The Fundamental Groupoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.6 The Theorem of Seifert and van Kampen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.7 The Fundamental Group of the Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.8 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.9 Homotopy Groupoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3 Covering Spaces 62
3.1 Locally Trivial Maps. Covering Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.2 Fibre Transport. Exact Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.3 Classification of Coverings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.4 Connected Groupoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.5 Existence of Liftings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.6 The Universal Covering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4 Elementary Homotopy Theory 81
4.1 The Mapping Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.2 The Double Mapping Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.3 Suspension. Homotopy Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.4 Loop Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
viii Contents
4.5 Groups and Cogroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.6 The Cofibre Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.7 The Fibre Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5 Cofibrations and Fibrations 101
5.1 The Homotopy Extension Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.2 Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.3 Replacing a Map by a Cofibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.4 Characterization of Cofibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.5 The Homotopy Lifting Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.6 Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.7 Replacing a Map by a Fibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6 Homotopy Groups 121
6.1 The Exact Sequence of Homotopy Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
6.2 The Role of the Base Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
6.3 Serre Fibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.4 The Excision Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.5 The Degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.6 The Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
6.7 Higher Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.8 Classical Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.9 Proof of the Excision Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.10 Further Applications of Excision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
7 Stable Homotopy. Duality 159
7.1 A Stable Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
7.2 Mapping Cones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
7.3 Euclidean Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
7.4 The Complement Duality Functor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7.5 Duality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
7.6 Homology and Cohomology for Pointed Spaces . . . . . . . . . 179
7.7 Spectral Homology and Cohomology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
7.8 Alexander Duality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
7.9 Compactly Generated Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
8 Cell Complexes 196
8.1 Simplicial Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
8.2 Whitehead Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
8.3 CW-Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
8.4 Weak Homotopy Equivalences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
8.5 Cellular Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
8.6 CW-Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
8.7 Homotopy Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
8.8 Eilenberg¨CMac Lane Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
9 Singular Homology 223
9.1 Singular Homology Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
9.2 The Fundamental Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
9.3 Homotopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
9.4 Barycentric Subdivision. Excision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
9.5 Weak Equivalences and Homology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
9.6 Homology with Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
9.7 The Theorem of Eilenberg and Zilber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
9.8 The Homology Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
10 Homology 244
10.1 The Axioms of Eilenberg and Steenrod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
10.2 Elementary Consequences of the Axioms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
10.3 Jordan Curves. Invariance of Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
10.4 Reduced Homology Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
10.5 The Degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
10.6 The Theorem of Borsuk and Ulam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
10.7 Mayer¨CVietoris Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
10.8 Colimits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
10.9 Suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
11 Homological Algebra 275
11.1 Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
11.2 Exact Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
11.3 Chain Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
11.4 Cochain complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
11.5 Natural Chain Maps and Homotopies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
11.6 Chain Equivalences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
11.7 Linear Algebra of Chain Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
11.8 The Functors Tor and Ext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
11.9 Universal Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
11.10 The K¨¹nneth Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
12 Cellular Homology 300
12.1 Cellular Chain Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
12.2 Cellular Homology equals Homology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
12.3 Simplicial Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
12.4 The Euler Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
12.5 Euler Characteristic of Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
13 Partitions of Unity in Homotopy Theory 318
13.1 Partitions of Unity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
13.2 The Homotopy Colimit of a Covering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
13.3 Homotopy Equivalences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
13.4 Fibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
14 Bundles 328
14.1 Principal Bundles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
14.2 Vector Bundles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
14.3 The Homotopy Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
14.4 Universal Bundles. Classifying Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
14.5 Algebra of Vector Bundles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
14.6 Grothendieck Rings of Vector Bundles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
15 Manifolds 358
15.1 Differentiable Manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
15.2 Tangent Spaces and Differentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
15.3 Smooth Transformation Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
15.4 Manifolds with Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
15.5 Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
15.6 Tangent Bundle. Normal Bundle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
15.7 Embeddings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
15.8 Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
15.9 Transversality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
15.10 Gluing along Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
16 Homology of Manifolds 392
16.1 Local Homology Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
16.2 Homological Orientations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
16.3 Homology in the Dimension of the Manifold . . . . . . . . . . . 396
16.4 Fundamental Class and Degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
16.5 Manifolds with Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
16.6 Winding and Linking Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
17 Cohomology 405
17.1 Axiomatic Cohomology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
17.2 Multiplicative Cohomology Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
17.3 External Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
17.4 Singular Cohomology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
17.5 Eilenberg¨CMac Lane Spaces and Cohomology . . . . . . . . . . 419
17.6 The Cup Product in Singular Cohomology . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
17.7 Fibration over Spheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
17.8 The Theorem of Leray and Hirsch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
17.9 The Thom Isomorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
18 Duality 438
18.1 The Cap Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
18.2 Duality Pairings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
18.3 The Duality Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
18.4 Euclidean Neighbourhood Retracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
18.5 Proof of the Duality Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
18.6 Manifolds with Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
18.7 The Intersection Form. Signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
18.8 The Euler Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
18.9 Euler Class and Euler Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
19 Characteristic Classes 467
19.1 Projective Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
19.2 Projective Bundles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
19.3 Chern Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
19.4 Stiefel¨CWhitney Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
19.5 Pontrjagin Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
19.6 Hopf Algebras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
19.7 Hopf Algebras and Classifying Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
19.8 Characteristic Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
20 Homology and Homotopy 495
20.1 The Theorem of Hurewicz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
20.2 Realization of Chain Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
20.3 Serre Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
20.4 Qualitative Homology of Fibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
20.5 Consequences of the Fibration Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
20.6 Hurewicz and Whitehead Theorems modulo Serre classes . . . . . 510
20.7 Cohomology of Eilenberg¨CMac Lane Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . 513
20.8 Homotopy Groups of Spheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
20.9 Rational Homology Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
21 Bordism 521
21.1 Bordism Homology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
21.2 The Theorem of Pontrjagin and Thom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
21.3 Bordism and Thom Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
21.4 Oriented Bordism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Bibliography 541
Symbols 551
Index 557
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maojun1998

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