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1. individuals, characters, folks Ìæ»» people , persons.

2. positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior Ìæ»» good.

3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill Ìæ»» bad£¨Èç¹ûbad×ö±íÓ¿ÉÒÔÓÐbe less impressiveÌæ»»¡££©

4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, if not most Ìæ»» many.

5. a slice of, quiet a few Ìæ»» some.

6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that Ìæ»» think¡£

7. affair, business, matter Ìæ»» thing.

8. shared Ìæ»» common .

9. reap huge fruits Ìæ»» get many benefits.

10. for my part ,from my own perspective Ìæ»» in my opinion.

11. Increasing(ly), growing Ìæ»» more and more£¨×¢ÒâûÓÐgrowinglyÕâÖÖÐÎʽ¡£ËùÒÔµ±ÐÞÊÎÃû´ÊʱÓÃincreasing/growingÐÞÊÎÐÎÈÝ´Ê£¬¸±´ÊÓÃincreasingly.£©

12. little if anything»òlittle or nothing Ìæ»» hardly.

13. beneficial, rewarding Ìæ»» helpful.

14. shopper, client, consumer, purchaser Ìæ»» customer.

15. overwhelmingly, exceedingly, extremely, intensely Ìæ»» very.

16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitable¡­Ìæ»» unnecessary, avoidable.

17. indispensable Ìæ»» necessary.

18. sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb Ìæ»»sb take interest in / sb. be interested in.

19. capture one's attention Ìæ»» attract one's attention.

20. facet, demension, sphere Ìæ»» aspet.

21. be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of Ìæ»» indicate,suggest, fear.

22. give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger Ìæ»» cause.

23. There are several reasons behind sth Ìæ»»¡­reasons for sth.

24. desire Ìæ»» want.

25. pour attention into Ìæ»» pay attention to.

26. bear in mind that Ìæ»» remember.

27. enjoy, possess Ìæ»» have£¨×¢ÒâprocessÊǹý³ÌµÄÒâ˼£©¡£

28. interaction Ìæ»» communication.

29. frown on sth Ìæ»» be against , disagree with sth .

30. as an example Ìæ»» for example, for instance.

31. next to / virtually impossible Ìæ»» nearly / almost impossible.

32. regarding / concerning Ìæ»» about.

33. crucial /paramount Ìæ»» important.

34. µÚÒ»£¨in the first place/the first and foremost£©£»µÚ¶þ£¨there is one more point, I should touch on, that¡­£©£»µÚÈý£¨the last but not the least£©.

35. assiduous Ìæ»» hard-working.

36. arduous Ìæ»» difficult.

37. underdeveloped / financially-challenged Ìæ»»poor£¨ÒòΪpoorͨ³£º¬ÓбáÒ壩.

38. demonstrate / manifest Ìæ»» show.

39. invariably Ìæ»» always.

40. perilous / hazardousÌæ»» dangerous.

41. formidable Ìæ»» difficult.

42. quintessential Ìæ»» typical£¨¾ÙÀýʱ³£Óã¬ÀýÈ磺a quintessential example should be cited that=for example; for instance£©.

43. distinguished Ìæ»» famous.

44. feasible Ìæ»» possible.

45. consequently, accordinglyÌæ»» so.

46. ͨ³££¬ÓÉÊý¾ÝÍƶϳöÒ»¶¨µÄ½áÂÛ£¬ÓÃResults indicate, infer, suggest, imply that¡­¡­

47. ×î³£¼ûµÄÒýÊö±ðÈ˹۵ãµÄ´Ê»ã

Much of the research in sexual selection in the last two decades has examined how a female¡¯s preference that does not influence her immediate reproductive success can still evolve if it is genetically correlated with another character under direct selection.(²»ÒªÃ¿´Îдµ½Ñо¿Ê±×ÜÓÃstudy£¬¿ÉÒÔÓÃЩÆäËüµÄ´Ê»ã£¬±ÈÈçexamine£¬work¡£)

Two hypotheses for female preference evolution¡ªrunaway sexual selection and good genes selection¡ªstate that preferences evolve indirectly because they are genetically correlated with male traits that are under direct selection; that is, the preferences themselves are not under direct selection.(ÔÚÒýÊö±ðÈ˵Ĺ۵ãʱ£¬Èç¹û²»ÄÜÍêȫͬÒ⣬ʹÓÃstate ±Èshow¸ü¼ÓÖÐÁ¢Ð©¡£)

Studies of receiver biases suggest that such analogies might not be broadly applicable.(suggest,ÓÖÒ»ÖÖ½ÏΪ¿Í¹ÛµÄÒýÊö¹ÛµãµÄ±í´ï·½·¨¡£)

Burley argued that the preference for red beaks is adaptive because it indicates male health, and this preference is then transferred to leg-band color.(argue,ÒýÓñðÈ˹۵ãµÄÓÖÒ»±íÊö¡£)

According to the anti-monotony hypothesis, habituation plays an important role in the evolution of complex vocalizations in songbirds: Increased song complexity reduces habituation of neighboring males and courting females.(¸ù¾Ý¡­)

Previous studies of acoustic and bioluminescent interactions had emphasized potential advantages to group-signaling organization, such as minimizing predation, preserving species-specific signal characters, or increasing the attractiveness of the group.(´øÓÐССµÄÇ¿µ÷)

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