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Magnetic Microscopy of Nanostructures H. Hopster H.P. Oepen springer @ 2005 http://www.namipan.com/d/Magneti ... 079d0e501b458547300 In recent years, a newfield in science has been growing tremendously, i.e., the research on nanostructures. In the early beginning, impetus came from different disciplines, like physics, chemistry, and biology, that proposed the possibility of producing structures in the sub-micron range. Theworldwide operating electronic companies realized that this would open up new fields of application, and they proposed very challenging projects for the near future. Particularly, nanomagnetism became the focus of new concepts and funding programs, like spintronics or magnetoelectronics. These new concepts created a strong impact on the research field of fabricating nanoscaled magnetic structures. Simultaneously, a demand for appropriate analyzing tools with high spatial resolution arose. Since then, the development of new techniques and the improvement of existing techniques that have the potential of analyzing magnetic properties with high spatial resolution have undergone a renaissance. Aiming at systems in the range of some 10 nm means that the analyzing techniques have to go beyond that scale in their resolving power. In parallel to the efforts in the commercial sector, a new branch has been established in basic research, i.e., nanomagnetism, that is concerned with the underlying physics of the fabrication, analyzing techniques, and nano-scaled structures. The progress in one of these fields is inherently coupled with better knowledge or understanding and, hence, success in the other fields. The imaging technique – as a synonym for spatial resolution – plays a key role in this triangle. In this book, we bring together the state-of-the-art techniques of magnetic imaging. We do not claim to present a complete survey of all the techniques that are around nowadays. The evolution is too fast to keep track of the development during the time it takes to edit a book. Nevertheless, we have put the emphasis on giving a comprehensive survey of the magnetic imaging techniques that have already demonstrated the high spatial resolution or, at least, have the potential to obtain it. Some techniques are well established nowadays and are already utilized in technologically oriented laboratories for commercial purposes. The majority of techniques presented are at the status of prototype basic research experiments. It is the scope of the book to give a deeper insight into the technology and the understanding of the related effects. For the latter purpose, a more elaborate theory of operation seems unavoidable in some cases. Each of the techniques presented has its strength and drawback. It is not the intention of the book to give a ranking of the techniques with respect to certain properties, e.g., spatial resolution. It is, however, the aspect of complementariness that is the focus of our intention. The different techniques address different aspects of the physics of nanomagnetism. This is demonstrated with examples from recent investigations. The combination of different techniques will give the most complete information about the magnetism on the nanometer scale. In this sense, the book is meant as a state-of-the-art reference book for the magnetic imaging techniques available. Chapters 1 and 2 deal with the application of synchrotron radiation. The tunability of synchrotron radiation allows elemental resolution by tuning to absorption edges. This, combined with the use of circularly polarized radiation (circular dichroism) and the spatial imaging of the emitted electrons leads to the possibility of magnetic imaging with elemental resolution (Chap. 1). Linear dichroism can be used to determine along which axis magnetic moments are aligned, e.g., in antiferromagnetic structures (Chap. 2). The application of short laser pulses allows imaging by the magneto-optical Kerr effect with high temporal resolution, thus allowing magnetization reversal processes to be studied in detail. This is described in Chap. 3. The current state of electron microscopies for magnetic imaging is described in Chap. 4 (Lorentz microscopy) and Chap. 5 (electron holography). Spin-polarized electron techniques have led to two new magnetic microscopies. In SPLEEM (Chap. 6), the spin dependence of low-energy electron diffraction off magnetic surfaces is used to image the surface magnetization. On the other hand, in SEMPA (or spin-SEM) a spin polarization analysis of the secondary electrons is performed as the primary electron beam in an SEM is scanned across the surface. Chapter 7 deals with the basics of SEMPA and its applications to fundamental research, while Chap. 8 discusses applications to magnetic storage media. The invention of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has led to a large number of scanning probe microscopies. Chapter 9 discusses magnetic effects on the electron current due to local magnetoresistance. Spin polarized STM using magnetic tips is only in its infancy. It is the only technique capable of truly atomic resolution. Chapter 10 describes the present situation. The state and future prospects of magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is discussed in Chaps. 11 and 12. Chapter 13 discusses other scanning probe techniques for magnetic imaging. [ Last edited by topgun1118 on 2008-7-24 at 17:33 ] |
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