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[资源] Planetary Systems & the Origins of Life

List of contributors page xi
Preface xv
Part I Planetary systems and the origins of life 1
1 Observations of extrasolar planetary systems 3
Shay Zucker
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 RV detections 4
1.3 Transit detections 7
1.4 Properties of the extrasolar planets 10
1.5 Other methods of detection 14
1.6 Future prospects for space missions 16
Acknowledgements 17
References 17
2 The atmospheres of extrasolar planets 21
L. Jeremy Richardson and Sara Seager
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 The primary eclipse 21
2.3 The secondary eclipse 23
2.4 Characteristics of known transiting planets 25
2.5 Spectroscopy 27
2.6 Model atmospheres 30
2.7 Observations 32
2.8 Future missions 35
2.9 Summary 37
References 38
vi Contents
3 Terrestrial planet formation 41
Edward W. Thommes
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 The formation of planetesimals 42
3.3 The growth of protoplanets 43
3.4 The growth of planets 47
3.5 The origin of the Earth–Moon system 52
3.6 Terrestrial planets and life 52
3.7 Summary 56
Acknowledgements 57
References 57
4 From protoplanetary disks to prebiotic amino acids and the
origin of the genetic code 62
Paul G. Higgs and Ralph E. Pudritz
4.1 Introduction 62
4.2 Protoplanetary disks and the formation of planet systems 63
4.3 Protoplanetary disks and the formation of biomolecules 68
4.4 Measurements and experiments on amino acid synthesis 71
4.5 A role for thermodynamics 73
4.6 The RNA world and the origin of the genetic code 76
4.7 How was the genetic code optimized? 80
4.8 Protein evolution 82
4.9 Summary 84
Acknowledgements 84
References 84
5 Emergent phenomena in biology: the origin of cellular life 89
David Deamer
5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Defining emergence 89
5.3 Emergence of life: a very brief history 90
5.4 The first emergent phenomena: self-assembly processes
on the early Earth 91
5.5 Sources of amphiphilic molecules 92
5.6 The emergence of primitive cells 95
5.7 Self-assembly processes in prebiotic organic mixtures 100
5.8 Emergence of membrane functions 101
5.9 Emergence of growth processes in primitive cells 103
5.10 Environmental constraints on the first forms of life 105
Contents vii
Acknowledgements 106
References 106
Part II Life on Earth 111
6 Extremophiles: defining the envelope for the search for life
in the universe 113
Lynn Rothschild
6.1 Introduction 113
6.2 What is an extremophile? 114
6.3 Categories of extremophiles 115
6.4 Environmental extremes 115
6.5 How do they do it? 123
6.6 Examples of extreme ecosystems 125
6.7 Space: new categories of extreme environments 126
6.8 Life in the Solar System? 127
6.9 Conclusions 130
Acknowledgements 131
References 131
7 Hyperthermophilic life on Earth – and on Mars? 135
Karl O. Stetter
7.1 Introduction 135
7.2 Biotopes 136
7.3 Sampling and cultivation 138
7.4 Phylogenetic implications 139
7.5 Physiologic properties 141
7.6 Examples of recent HT organisms 143
References 147
8 Phylogenomics: how far back in the past can we go? 149
Henner Brinkmann, Denis Baurain, and Hervé Philippe
8.1 Introduction 149
8.2 The principles of phylogenetic inference 149
8.3 Artefacts affecting phylogenetic reconstruction 152
8.4 Strengths and limitations of phylogenomics 155
8.5 The importance of secondary simplification 160
8.6 The tree of life 164
8.7 Frequent strong claims made with weak evidence
in their favour 167
viii Contents
8.8 Conclusions 171
Acknowledgements 171
References 172
9 Horizontal gene transfer, gene histories, and the root
of the tree of life 178
Olga Zhaxybayeva and J. Peter Gogarten
9.1 Introduction 178
9.2 How to analyse multigene data? 179
9.3 What does the plurality consensus represent?
Example of small marine cyanobacteria 182
9.4 Where is the root of the ‘tree of life’? 183
9.5 Use of higher order characters: example of ATPases 185
9.6 Conclusions 188
Acknowledgements 188
References 188
10 Evolutionary innovation versus ecological incumbency 193
Adolf Seilacher
10.1 The Ediacaran world 193
10.2 Preservational context 194
10.3 Vendobionts as giant protozoans 195
10.4 Kimberella as a stem-group mollusc 198
10.5 Worm burrows 202
10.6 Stability of ecosystems 203
10.7 The parasite connection 204
10.8 Conclusions 207
Acknowledgements 208
References 208
11 Gradual origin for the metazoans 210
Alexandra Pontefract and Jonathon Stone
11.1 Introduction 210
11.2 Collagen as a trait tying together metazoans 211
11.3 The critical oxygen concentration criterion 212
11.4 The Burgess Shale fauna: a radiation on rocky ground 213
11.5 Accumulating evidence about snowball Earth 215
11.6 North of 80◦ 216
11.7 Conclusion 219
Contents ix
Acknowledgements 219
References 219
Part III Life in the Solar System? 223
12 The search for life on Mars 225
Chris P. McKay
12.1 Introduction 225
12.2 Mars today and the Viking search for life 227
12.3 Search for second genesis 229
12.4 Detecting a second genesis on Mars 235
12.5 Conclusions 238
References 238
13 Life in the dark dune spots of Mars: a testable hypothesis 241
Eörs Szathmáry, Tibor Gánti, Tamás Pócs, András Horváth, Ákos
Kereszturi, Szaniszló Bérczi, and András Sik
13.1 Introduction 241
13.2 History 241
13.3 Basic facts and considerations about DDSs 243
13.4 Challenges and answers 250
13.5 Partial analogues on Earth 255
13.6 Discussion and outlook 257
Acknowledgements 258
References 258
14 Titan: a new astrobiological vision from the
Cassini–Huygens data 263
François Raulin
14.1 Introduction 263
14.2 Analogies between Titan and the Earth 264
14.3 A complex prebiotic-like chemistry 271
14.4 Life on Titan? 278
14.5 Conclusions 280
Acknowledgements 281
References 282
15 Europa, the ocean moon: tides, permeable ice, and life 285
Richard Greenberg
15.1 Introduction: life beyond the habitable zone 285
15.2 The surface of Europa 286
x Contents
15.3 Tides 295
15.4 The permeable crust: conditions for a Europan biosphere 305
Acknowledgements 309
References 309
Index 313

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