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By letters and visits, senior citizens protect their rights and air their opinions and advice. In 2005, agencies on ageing around China handled altogether nearly 400,000 letters and visits from senior citizens. ÎÊÌ⣺¡°Ðŷá±ÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¶ÀÌØµÄÖйúÃñÖ÷ÖÆ¶È£¬ÈçºÎ·ÒëÊÇÒ»¸ö·Ç³£ÖµµÃ̽ÌÖµÄÎÊÌâ¡£¸ù¾Ý2005Äê5ÔÂ1ÈÕ¹úÎñÔºµÚ76´Î³£ÎñίԱ»áͨ¹ýµÄеġ¶ÐÅ·ÃÌõÀý¡·,ÐÅ·ÃÊÇÖ¸¡°¹«Ãñ¡¢·¨ÈË»òÕ߯äËû×éÖ¯²ÉÓÃÊéÐÅ¡¢µç×ÓÓʼþ¡¢´«Õæ¡¢µç»°¡¢×߷õÈÐÎʽ£¬Ïò¸÷¼¶ÈËÃñÕþ¸®¡¢Ïؼ¶ÒÔÉÏÈËÃñÕþ¸®¹¤×÷²¿ÃÅ·´Ó³Çé¿ö£¬Ìá³ö½¨Òé¡¢Òâ¼û»òÕßͶËßÇëÇó£¬ÒÀ·¨ÓÉÓйØÐÐÕþ»ú¹Ø´¦ÀíµÄ»î¶¯¡£¡±¿É¼û£¬¡°Ðŷá±×÷ΪһÖÖÖÆ¶È£¬ÆäÄ¿µÄºÍ·½Ê½¶¼¾ßÓжàÑùÐÔÌØµã£¬ºÜÄÑÕÒµ½Ò»¸ö½üËÆµÄÓ¢Óïµ¥´Ê»ò¶ÌÓĿǰ£¬±ÊÕßËùÄÜ¿´µ½µÄÒëÎͼÓдýÓڸĽø£¬Èçletters and visits£»complaint letters and people¡¯s visits£» complaint letters and visits from civilians; Xinfang (letters and visits)£» petition letters and visits£» petitions submitted through letters and visits£» petitions delivered via letters and visits£»letters and visits (xinfang) system£»grassroots letters and visits; letters and calls (i.e. letters of complaints from the people and the calls they make to lodge complainst)¡£ÎÒÃÇÐèÒªÒ»¸ö±È½Ï¹Ì¶¨µÄ˵·¨¡£µ±È»£¬ÐèÒªÖ¸³öµÄÊÇ£¬¸Ã´ÊÔÚ²»Í¬µÄÓï¾³ÖУ¬Æä¼È¿ÉÒÔÀí½âΪһÖÖÖÆ¶È¡£Ò²¿ÉÒÔÀí½âΪһÖÖ·½Ê½£¬·ÒëʱҲÐèÒª¾ßÓÐÁé»îÐÔ¡£ ÔÚÕâ¶Î»°À¡°Ðŷá±ÓÐÁ½ÖÖÒëÎÄ£ºpetitions and visits£»letters and visits¡£µÚÒ»ÖÖÒëÎÄÏÔÈ»´æÔÚÎÊÌ⣬petitions ºÍvisitsÁ½ÕßÔÚÒâ˼Éϲ¢²»´æÔÚ²¢ÁйØÏµ£¬Ò»¸ö±íʾĿµÄ£¬Ò»¸ö±íʾ·½Ê½¡£ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬ÎÒÃÇÖªµÀ£¬petitionsÒ²ÊÇvisitsµÄÒ»¸öÄ¿µÄ£¨µ«²»ÊÇΨһµÄÄ¿µÄ£©¡£µÚ¶þ¾äÖУ¬¡°Ðŷá±Ö¸Ò»ÖÖ·½Ê½£¬½«ÆäÒë³Éby letters and visitsÓÐÒ»¶¨µÀÀí£¬µ«²»×¼È·¡£ÈçÉÏËùÊö£¬Ðŷò¢²»ÏÞÓÚ¡°Ð´ÐÅ¡±ºÍ¡°×߷á±Á½ÖÖÐÎʽ£¬ÔÚBy letters and visitsǰ¼ÓÒ»¸ömainly¿ÉÄÜ»á¸üÇ¡µ±¡£ÁíÍ⣬ handle visitsµÄ´îÅäÒ²ÖµµÃÉÌȶ£¬¿ÉÄÜÕýÊdzöÓÚÕâÖÖ¿¼ÂÇ£¬¹ú¼ÒÐŷþÖÍøÕ¾ÉÏÌṩµÄÐÅ·ÃÌõÀýÖÐÎİæºÍÓ¢Îİæ·Ö±ðʹÓÃÁË¡°´¦ÀíÀ´ÐÅ¡¢½Ó´ýÀ´·Ã¡±handle letters and receive visitsµÄ˵·¨¡£ 2¡¢¹ú¼Ò½¨Á¢Éç»áͳ³ïÓë¸öÈËÕË»§Ïà½áºÏµÄ³ÇÕòÖ°¹¤»ù±¾Ò½ÁƱ£ÏÕÖÆ¶È£¬¹æ¶¨ÍËÐÝÈËÔ±¸öÈ˲»½ÉÄÉ»ù±¾Ò½ÁƱ£ÏÕ·Ñ£¬¶Ô¸öÈËÕË»§¼ÆÈë½ð¶îºÍ¸öÈ˸ºµ£Ò½ÁƷѵıÈÀý¸øÓèÊʵ±Õչˡ£ The state has established a basic medical insurance system which combines the unified planning program with individual accounts for urban employees. Under this system, retirees do not have to pay the basic insurance premiums, and they are given appropriate consideration in the ratio of medical costs paid between what is put into their individual accounts by their former employers and the part they have to pay personally. ÎÊÌ⣺Õâ¾ä»°Éæ¼°Ò½ÁƱ£ÏÕÖÆ¶È£¬×¨ÒµÐÔ½ÏÇ¿¡£¡°¸öÈËÕË»§¼ÆÈë½ð¶îºÍ¸öÈ˸ºµ£Ò½ÁƷѵıÈÀý¡±ÈçºÎÀí½â£¿ÊÇ·Ö±ðÖ¸¡°¸öÈËÕÊ»§¼ÆÈë½ð¶îÖеıÈÀý¡±£¨ ¾Ý±ÊÕßÉÏÍø²éѯµÃÖª£¬¸öÈËÕÊ»§¼ÆÈë½ð¶îÖУ¬Ò»°ãÒªÇó¸öÈ˳е£8%µÄ·ÑÓ㩺͡°¸öÈ˳е£Ò½ÁƷѵıÈÀý¡±Á½ÖÖÇé¿ö£¿»¹ÊÇÈçÒëÎÄËùÀí½âµÄ£¬Ö¸¡°¸öÈËÕË»§¼ÆÈë½ð¶î¡±Óë¡°¸öÈ˸ºµ£Ò½ÁÆ·Ñ¡±Ö®¼äµÄ±ÈÀý£¿µÚ¶þ£¬ÒëÎÄÖÐÌí¼ÓµÄby their former employersÊÇ·ñÇ¡µ±£¿µÚÈý£¬ÒëÎÄÖÐratioÒ»´Ê´æÔÚÓ÷¨²»µ±ÎÊÌ⣬Æä´îÅäϰ¹ßÒ»°ãΪthe ratio of A to B¡£ 3¡¢¶ÔÖ´Ðмƻ®ÉúÓýÕþ²ßµÄÅ©´å¶ÀÉú×ÓÅ®»òÁ½Å®»§·ò¸¾£¬ÔÚÄêÂú60ÖÜËêÒÔºó£¬ÓÉÖÐÑë»òµØ·½²ÆÕþ°²ÅÅרÏî×ʽð£¬ÊµÊ©¼Æ»®ÉúÓý¼ÒÍ¥½±Àø·öÖúÖÆ¶È¡£ For rural couples who have followed the state family planning policy and given birth to only one child (or two daughters), when they turn 60 they receive a bonus from a special fund made available by the central and local governments. ÎÊÌ⣺Õâ¾ä»°ÖУ¬¡°¼Æ»®ÉúÓýÕþ²ß¡±ºÍ¡°¶ÀÉú×ÓÅ®»òÁ½Å®¡±Ö®¼ä²»ÊDz¢ÁйØÏµ£¬¶øÊDz¹³ä˵Ã÷¹ØÏµ¡£¶øÒëÎÄÈÝÒ׸øÈËÒ»ÖÖÎó½â£¬ÒÔΪ¼Æ»®ÉúÓýºÍ¶ÀÉú×ÓÅ®ÊÇÁ½ÖÖ²»Í¬µÄÕþ²ß¡£ÁíÍ⣬¶ÔÓÚûÓÐÖØÄÐÇáŮ˼ÏëµÄÎ÷·½À´Ëµ£¬ÒëÎÄone child (or two daughters)Ò²ÁîÈ˷ѽ⡣½¨Òé¸ÄΪ£ºThe central and local governments have allocated a special fund as a reward for rural couples over the age of 60 who have followed the state family planning policy to give birth to only one child (usually a boy) or two daughters. ¶þ¡¢¾ä×ÓÀí½â ººÓïÓëÓ¢ÓïÔÚ¾ä×ӽṹÉÏ´æÔÚÃ÷ÏÔ²»Í¬¡£ººÓïÔì¾äµÄÁ½ÖÖµäÐͽṹÊÇÁ÷Ë®¾äºÍÖñ¸Í¾ä¡£ËùνÁ÷Ë®¾ä£¬Ö¸ººÓï¾ä×ÓÒÔ¡°Ò⾡Ϊ½ç¡±£º¡°¾ä×ÓµÄÐÅÏ¢ÈÝÁ¿Ã»ÓÐÓï·¨ÐÎʽÉϵÄÏÞÖÆ£¬µ¯ÐԺܴó£¬Ò»¾ä½Ó×ÅÒ»¾ä£¬Ç¡ËÆÁ÷Ë®£¬¿ÉÒÔÎÞÏÞÖÆµØÀ©Õ¹ÏÂÈ¥¡£¡±Òò´Ë£¬ººÓïµÄ¡°Ë¼Î¬µ¥Î»Ëƺõ²»ÊǾä×Ó£¬¶øÊǶÎÂä¡£¡±£¨²Ì»ù¸Õ£¬2003£º251£©ËùνÖñ¸Í¾ä£¬Ö¸ººÓïµÄ¾äʽ½á¹¹ÓÌÈçÖñ¸Í£¬¾ä×ÓÊÇÒ»¸ö¶Ì¾äÒ»¸ö¶Ì¾äµØÕ¹¿ª¡£ÕâЩ²»ÊÜÖ÷ν¿ò¼ÜÏÞÖÆ¡¢Ã»Óж¯´ÊÐÎ̬±ä»¯µÄƽÐÐС¾ä£¬ËäȻʹÓÃÏàͬµÄ¾ä×ӽṹ£¬µ«±í´ïµÄÄÚÈݺ;ä×ÓÖ®¼äµÄ¹ØÏµ¶àÖÖ¶àÑù£º¡°Ö÷ÒªµÄ£¬´ÎÒªµÄ£»»òÔÒòµÄ£¬½á¹ûµÄ£»»òÊֶεģ¬Ä¿µÄµÄ¡£¡±£¨²Ì»ù¸Õ£¬2003£º259£©¶øÓ¢ÓïÊÇÒ»ÖÖÐÎ̬ÓïÑÔ£¬ÒÔÖ÷νΪÖÐÐÄÀ´¹¹Öþ¾ä×Ó¡£ÔÚ¾ä×ӽṹÉÏ£¬ººÓï¾ä×ÓÒÔ²¢ÁÐΪ¶à£¬¶øÓ¢ÓïÒÔÖ÷´Ó½á¹¹½Ï¶à¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÔÚººÒëӢʱ£¬Òª¶Ô¾ä×ÓÖ®¼äµÄÖ÷´Î¹ØÏµ¡¢Âß¼¹ØÏµ½øÐÐÈÏÕæ·ÖÎö£¬ÖØÐÂ×éÖ¯¾ä×ӽṹ¡£¸Ã°×ƤÊéÓ¢ÎİæÔÚÕâ·½Ãæ´æÔÚÎÊÌâ²»ÉÙ¡£ 1¡¢»ý¼«·¢»ÓÉç»áÁ¦Á¿ÔÚÀÏÄêÆ¶À§¾ÈÖúÖеÄ×÷Óã¬Íƶ¯¸÷µØÀÏÄê»ù½ð»áµÈÉç»áÍÅÌå¡¢ÆóÊÂÒµµ¥Î»ºÍ¸öÈË¿ªÕ¹´ÈÉÆ¾ÈÖúºÍÉç»á»¥Öú£¬´´Ôì½á¶Ô°ï·ö¡¢ÈÏÑøÖúÑø¡¢Ö¾Ô¸·þÎñ¡¢×ß·ÃοÎʵȶàÖÖ¾ÈÖúÐÎʽ£¬ÆÕ±éΪƶÀ§ÀÏÄêÈËÌṩ¶àÑù»¯·öÖú¡£ China should give full play to the role of all social sectors in helping poor elderly people, encouraging NGOs like the old-age foundations to be found all over the country, as well as enterprises, public institutions and individuals to provide charitable and other assistance. Various other forms of assistance are officially encouraged, such as pairing up between a well-off family and a poor elderly person so that the former may give more help to the latter, making commitments to support poor elderly people, doing volunteer work for them or paying visits to convey greetings to them. Therefore, various types of assistance are provided to the poor elderly people. ÎÊÌ⣺×ݹÛÈ«ÎÄ£¬Õâ·ÝÕþ¸®°×ƤÊé²ûÊöµÄÊÇÕþ¸®¹ýÈ¥Ò»ÄêÀ´Êµ¼Ê×öµÄ¹¤×÷£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÓ¦¸Ã×öʲô¡£¾ä×ÓʹÓÃshouldÏÔÈ»ÓëÔÎÄÓïÆø²»·û¡£µÚ¶þ£¬¡°Íƶ¯¸÷µØÀÏÄê»ù½ð»áµÈÉç»áÍÅÌå¡¢ÆóÊÂÒµµ¥Î»ºÍ¸öÈË¿ªÕ¹´ÈÉÆ¾ÈÖúºÍÉç»á»¥Öú¡±Óë¡°´´Ôì½á¶Ô°ï·ö¡¢ÈÏÑøÖúÑø¡¢Ö¾Ô¸·þÎñ¡¢×ß·ÃοÎʵȶàÖÖ¾ÈÖúÐÎʽ¡±ÔÚÒâÒåÉϲ»ÊÇͬһ²ã´ÎµÄ²¢ÁйØÏµ¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÒëÎÄÖеÄVarious other forms of assistance are officially encouragedÖеÄotherÒ»´ÊʹÓò»µ±¡£µÚÈý£¬encouraging NGOs like the old-age foundations to be found all over the countryÖеÄfoundÏÔȻӦ¸Ã¸ÄΪfounded²Å·ûºÏÂß¼¡£ 2¡¢ÔÚÅ©´å£¬¹ú¼ÒÊµÊ©ÌØÀ§»§¶¨ÆÚ¶¨Á¿¾ÈÖúºÍÁÙʱÐÔÉú»î¾ÈÖúÖÆ¶È¡£ In the rural areas, the state practices an aid system by which families in most straitened circumstances receive a fixed amount of aid regularly or other livelihood assistance when the need arises. ÎÊÌ⣺ÒëÕß¹ýÓÚ¾ÐÄàÓÚÔÎĵÄ×Ö¾äºÍ½á¹¹£¬¶øÇÒÌí¼ÓÁ˲»±ØÒªµÄÄÚÈÝ¡£½¨ÒéÒëΪIn rural areas, the state provides the families in most straitened circumstances with a fixed amount of aid regularly and temporary livelihood assistance. 3¡¢¹ú¼Ò»¹¹ÄÀø¿ªÕ¹¸öÈË´¢ÐîÐÔÑøÀϱ£ÏÕ£¬¶àÇþµÀ¼ÓÇ¿ÀÏÄêÈ˵ÄÉú»î±£ÕÏ¡£ The state also encourages the development of old-age insurance attached to personal savings deposits; and guarantees the livelihood of elderly people through multiple channels. ÎÊÌ⣺ÔÎĵڶþ¾äÓ¦¸ÃÊǶԵÚÒ»¾äËù×÷µÄ²¹³ä˵Ã÷£¬Á½¾äÖ®¼ä´æÔÚÄ¿µÄ¹ØÏµ¡£¶øÇÒ£¬¼´±ãÒëÎĵÄÀí½âÊÇÕýÈ·µÄ£¬µ«±í´ïÒ²ÓÐÎÊÌ⣬·ÖºÅÏÔȻӦ¸Ã¸ÄΪ¶ººÅ¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÒëÎÄÓ¦¸ÄΪThe state also encourages the development of old-age insurance based on personal savings deposit so as to guarantee the livelihood of elderly people through multiple channels. 4¡¢×î¸ßÈËÃñ·¨ÔºÖƶ¨ÓйØË¾·¨¾ÈÖúµÄ¹æ¶¨£¬¶ÔƶÀ§ÀÏÄêÈ˵ÄËßËÏ·ÑÓÃʵÐлº½»¡¢¼õ½»ºÍÃâ½»¡£ The Supreme People's Court of China has formulated regulations on judicial assistance, and on postponing, reducing or exempting court costs for poor senior citizens. ÎÊÌ⣺·ÖÎöÔÎÄ¿ÉÒÔ¿´³ö£¬¡°¶ÔƶÀ§ÀÏÄêÈ˵ÄËßËÏ·ÑÓÃʵÐлº½»¡¢¼õ½»ºÍÃâ½»¡±ÊǶԡ°Ë¾·¨¾ÈÖú¡±µÄ¾ßÌå˵Ã÷£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÈçÒëÎÄËù±íÃ÷µÄÄÇÑùÁ½ÕßÖ®¼äÊDz¢ÁйØÏµ¡£ 5¡¢È«¹úÀÏÁ乤×÷ίԱ»áÖ÷ÈÎÓɹúÎñÔº¸±×ÜÀíµ£ÈΣ¬³ÉÔ±µ¥Î»Óɹú¼Ò26¸ö²¿ÃÅ×é³É£¬Î¯Ô±Óɸ÷³ÉÔ±µ¥Î»Ò»Î»¸±²¿³¤¼¶Áìµ¼µ£ÈΡ£ A vice-premier of the State Council serves as the director of the China National Committee on Ageing, which comprises 26 state-level departments, with one senior leader equivalent to a vice-minister from each department as its representative. ÎÊÌ⣺ÔÎĵÄÓïÒâÖØÐÄÔÚÓÚͨ¹ýÆä³ÉÔ±×é³ÉÇé¿ö˵Ã÷È«¹úÀÏÁ乤×÷ίԱ»áµÄÖØÒªÐԺ͹㷺ÐÔ¡£¶øÒëÎÄȴûÓÐÔÚÈÏÕæ·ÖÎöÔÎĵĻù´¡ÉϽøÐÐÖØÐÂ×éÖ¯£¬µ¼ÖÂÓïÒâÖØÐÄûÓкܺõش«´ï³öÀ´¡£½¨Òé¸ÄΪ The China National Committee on Ageing is composed of a vice-premier of the State Council as its director and 26 vice-ministers from relevant departments as its members. µÚ¶þ²¿·Ö ±í´ïÎÊÌâ Ò»¡¢Óï·¨´íÎó 1¡¢ÌرðÊǽüÄêÀ´£¬ÖйúÕþ¸®È«Ãæ¹á³¹Âäʵ¿ÆÑ§·¢Õ¹¹Û£¬»ý¼«Ó¦¶ÔÈË¿ÚÀÏÁ仯ÌôÕ½¡£ Especially in recent years, the Chinese government has implemented the outlook of scientific development in an all-round way and positively meet the challenge posed by the ageing of the population. ÎÊÌ⣺Ʋ¿ªÆäËûÎÊÌ⣬½ö´ÓÓï·¨½Ç¶È¶øÑÔ£¬Õâ¾ä»°¾Í´æÔÚÖ÷νÊý²»Ò»ÖµÄÇé¿ö¡£Ö÷Óïthe Chinese governmentÊǵÚÈýÈ˳Ƶ¥Êý£¬¶øÇÒÒëÎÄÖÐÆäºóµÚÒ»¸öνÓﶯ´ÊҲʹÓÃÁ˵¥ÊýÐÎʽ£¬ÎªºÎºóÒ»¸ö²¢Áж¯´ÊÐÎʽµÄʹÓò»Ò»ÖÂÄØ£¿ 2¡¢ÐÂÎÅýÌåÎ§ÈÆÀÏÄêÈËÈ¨Òæ±£ÕÏÎÊÌ⿪չ¶àÖÖÐÎʽµÄÓßÂۼල¡£ The news media too has carried out different forms of supervision by public opinion centering on the issue of protecting the rights and interests of senior citizens. ÎÊÌ⣺´ÓÓï·¨ÉÏÀ´Ëµ£¬Õâ¾ä»°´æÔÚÖ÷νÊý²»Ò»ÖÂÎÊÌâ¡£MediaÊÇmediumµÄ¸´ÊýÐÎʽ£¬Æä×÷Ö÷ÓïʱνÓﶯ´ÊÓ¦Óø´ÊýÐÎʽ¡£È磺The media are to blame for starting the rumours.£¨¡¶Å£½ò¸ß½×Ó¢ººË«½â´Êµä¡·£©¶øÇÒ¡¶Å£½ò´Êµä¡·¶Ô¸Ã´ÊµÄÓ÷¨×¨ÃÅ×÷ÁË˵Ã÷£¬Ö¸³ö£º¡°media£¨µ¥ÊýΪmedium£©Ò»×ÖÓÐʱÎóÓÃ×÷µ¥ÊýÃû´Ê¡£¡±£¨Medium is sometimes incorrectly used as a singular noun£©²¢¾ÙÀýÓèÒÔ˵Ã÷£ºThe medium are (NOT is) often accused of being biased.Óɴ˿ɼû£¬mediaÓÃ×÷Ö÷Óïʱ£¬Î½Óﶯ´Ê²»ÄÜʹÓõ¥ÊýÐÎʽ¡£ 3¡¢´óÖгÇÊеÀ·¡¢³µÕ¾¡¢»ú³¡¡¢É̳¡¡¢¹«½»Õ¾µã¡¢×¡Õ¬¾Ó×¡ÇøºÍÆäËû¹«¹²½¨ÖþµÄÎÞÕϰÉèÊ©½¨Éè·¢Õ¹½Ï¿ì£¬ÀÏÄêÈ˰²¾ÓºÍ²ÎÓëÉç»áÉú»îµÄÉèÊ©»·¾³²»¶Ï¸ÄÉÆ¡£ Construction of barrier-free facilities on roads, in stations, airports, shops, at bus stops, in residential areas and other public buildings in large and medium cities have been developing rapidly, creating convenience for senior citizens in their daily lives and enabling them to engage more fully in social activities. ÎÊÌ⣺Õâ¾ä»°µÄÖ÷ÓïconstructionÊǵÚÈýÈ˳Ƶ¥Êý£¬Î½Óﲿ·Öhave been developingµÄÖú¶¯´ÊhaveÈ´ÊǸ´ÊýÐÎʽ£¬ÏÔÈ»´æÔÚÖ÷νÊý²»Ò»ÖµÄÇé¿ö¡£ 4¡¢ÖйúÀϽÌÊÚлáºÍÀϿƼ¼¹¤×÷ÕßлáµÄ¸öÌå»áÔ±ÊýÁ¿³¬¹ý65ÍòÈË¡£ The membership of China Senior Professors Association and Association of Senior Scientists and Technicians together exceed 650,000. ÎÊÌ⣺Õâ¾ä»°µÄÖ÷ÓïmembershipÊǵÚÈýÈ˳Ƶ¥Êý£¬Î½Óﶯ´ÊÈ´ÓÃÒ»°ãÏÖÔÚʱµÚÈýÈ˳Ƹ´ÊýÐÎʽ£¬Ò²ÊôÓÚÖ÷νÊý²»Ò»ÖÂÎÊÌâ¡£ 4¡¢Ä¿Ç°Òѳõ²½Ðγɶà²ã´Î¡¢¶àÐÎʽ¡¢¶àÑ§ÖÆ¡¢¶àѧ¿ÆµÄÀÏÄê½ÌÓýÌåϵ¡£ Today, an educational system for elderly people that is multi-level, multi-form and multi-disciplinary with different lengths of schooling has taken initial shape. ÎÊÌ⣺°´ÕÕÓ¢Óï±í´ïϰ¹ß£¬¶¨Óï´Ó¾äthat is multi-level, multi-form and multi-disciplinaryÖеıíÓﲿ·ÖÓ¦¸ÃʹÓÃÐÎÈÝ´ÊÐÎʽ¡£µ«Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬Ö»ÓÐdisciplinaryÒ»´ÊÊÇÐÎÈÝ´Ê£¬ÆäËûÁ½¸ö´Êlevel ºÍformΪÃû´Ê£¬ÕâÑùÒ»À´»¹´æÔڽṹ²»Æ½ÐеÄÎÊÌâ¡£¶øÇÒ£¬with different lengths of schoolingµÄλÖÃÈÝÒ×µ¼ÖÂÎó½â£¬ÒÔΪÆäÊÇÓÃÀ´ÐÞÊÎÃû´Êmulti-disciplinaryµÄ¡£ÁíÍ⣬lengthsµÄÇ¡µ±ÐÔÖµµÃ»³ÒÉ¡£½¨Òé¸ÄΪ£ºSo far, an educational system with different levels, forms, disciplines and duration of schooling has taken initial shape. 5¡¢ÒÀÍÐÊ¡¡¢ÊС¢Ïظ÷¼¶ÏÖÓÐȺÖÚÎÄ»¯ÉèÊ©¶àÇþµÀ¡¢¶à²ã´Î·¢Õ¹ÀÏÄê½ÌÓý£¬Å¬Á¦ÊµÏÖ¡°ÏØÏØÓÐÀÏÄê´óѧ¡±µÄÄ¿±ê£¬²¢Öð²½ÏòÉçÇø¡¢ÏçÕòÑÓÉì¡£ On the basis of existing provincial, municipal and county-level mass cultural facilities, education for seniors has been developing through different channels and at various levels, aiming to achieve the goal of making higher education available for elderly people in every county, and extending to townships and communities. ÎÊÌ⣺Ê×ÏÈ£¬´ÓÔÎĽṹºÍÒâ˼ÉÏ¿´£¬¡°ÏØÏØÓÐÀÏÄê´óѧµÄÄ¿±ê¡±Óë¡°Öð²½ÏòÉçÇø¡¢ÏçÕòÑÓÉ족²»ÊDz¢ÁйØÏµ£¬Òò´ËÒëÎÄÖв»ÒË´¦Àí³ÉƽÐнṹmaking higher education available for elderly people in every county, and extending to townships and communities¡£µÚ¶þ£¬¼´±ã¿ÉÒÔ´¦Àí³ÉƽÐнṹ£¬µ«extendÒ»´ÊµÄʹÓÃÈÔ´æÔÚÎÊÌâ¡£ËäÈ»¸Ã´Ê¼È¿ÉÓÃ×÷¼°Îﶯ´Ê£¬Ò²¿ÉÓÃ×÷²»¼°Îﶯ´Ê£¬µ«ÔÚÕâÀïÏÔÈ»ÊÇÓÃ×÷¼°Îﶯ´Ê£¬ËùÒÔÓ¦¸ÃÔÚÆäºóÃæ¼Óit²Å·ûºÏÓï·¨¡£¶øÇÒand extendingǰµÄ¶ººÅÍêÈ«ÊÇ»ÉßÌí×㣬Ôì³ÉÎ󵼡£ |
2Â¥2008-06-29 21:42:45
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6¡¢»ý¼«·¢Õ¹¶àÖÖÐÎʽµÄ±£ÕÏÖÆ¶È£¬°ÑÅ©´åÌØÊâÀÏÄêȺÌåÓÅÏÈÄÉÈëÉç»á±£ÕÏ·¶Î§¡£¶ÔÎÞÀͶ¯ÄÜÁ¦¡¢ÎÞÉú»îÀ´Ô´¡¢ÎÞ·¨¶¨ÉÄÑøÈË¡¢·öÑøÈË£¬»òÕ߯䷍¶¨ÉÄÑøÈË¡¢·öÑøÈËÈ·ÎÞÉÄÑø¡¢·öÑøÄÜÁ¦µÄÅ©´åÀÏÄêÈË£¬Óɹú¼ÒʵʩÔÚ³Ô¡¢´©¡¢×¡¡¢Ò½¡¢Ôá·½Ãæ¸øÓèÉú»îÕչ˺ÍÎïÖʰïÖúµÄ¡°Îå±£¡±¹©ÑøÖƶȡ£ China actively develops social security systems of various forms, and priority is given to a special group of elderly people to be covered in the social security system in rural areas. These are elderly people who have lost the ability to work, who have no source of income, and who have no legal guardians whatsoever to support them, or their legal guardians do not have the ability to support them. They enjoy the state's "five guarantees" system, which means that their food, clothing, housing, medical care and burial expenses are taken care of and subsidized by the government. ÎÊÌ⣺´ÓÓï·¨½Ç¶ÈÀ´Ëµ£¬These are elderly people who have lost the ability to work, who have no source of income, and who have no legal guardians whatsoever to support them, or their legal guardians do not have the ability to support themÒ»¾äÖУ¬ or their legal guardians do not have the ability to support themÓëÇ°ÃæµÄ²¢Áгɷֲ»ÊÇÆ½Ðнṹ¡£ 7¡¢¡°ÀÏÓÐËùÑø¡¢ÀÏÓÐËùÒ½¡¢ÀÏÓÐËù½Ì¡¢ÀÏÓÐËùѧ¡¢ÀÏÓÐËùΪ¡¢ÀÏÓÐËùÀÖ¡±ÊÇÖйúÀÏÁäÊÂÒµµÄ·¢Õ¹Ä¿±ê¡£ China's goals for the development of undertakings for the aged can be described as follows: All elderly people are to be provided for and enjoy proper medical care. They are to be given opportunities to pass on their experience as well as to learn new things. They should be given the opportunity to do what they can for the society, while enjoying their later years. ÎÊÌ⣺¸ù¾ÝÔÎÄ£¬ÒýºÅÄÚµÄÄÚÈݶ¼ÊÇÖйúÀÏÁäÊÂÒµµÄ·¢Õ¹Ä¿±ê¡£µ«ÒëÎÄÈÃÈËÎó½âΪֻÓÐÒ»¸öÄ¿±ê£¬¼´All elderly people are to be provided for and enjoy proper medical care¡£Òò´Ë£¬ºóÃæÆäËûµÄÍêÕû¾äӦʹÓ÷ֺÅÁ¬³ÉÒ»Ìå¡£ 8¡¢·¢»ÓÍÁµØÑøÀϵı£ÕÏ×÷Ó㬱£»¤°üÀ¨¹ã´óÀÏÄêÈËÔÚÄÚµÄÅ©ÃñÍÁµØ³Ð°ü¾ÓªÈ¨¡£ Giving full play to the role of the land in ensuring elderly people's livelihood and protecting farmers', including the elderly people's, right to operate land contracted to them. ÎÊÌ⣺Õâ¾ä»°²»ÊÇÓÃ×÷±êÌ⣬²»ÖªÒëÕßΪºÎͻȻʹÓÃÏÖÔڷִʶÌÓïÕâÖÖÆ¬¶Ï¾ä£¿ 9¡¢300¶àÍò²Î±£Å©ÃñÁìÈ¡ÑøÀϽ𣬵±ÄêÖ§¸¶ÑøÀϱ£ÏÕ½ð21.3ÒÚÔªÈËÃñ±Ò¡£ And more than three million farmers now receive pensions. The total disbursement of old-age insurance payments in 2005 was 2.13 billion yuan. ÎÊÌ⣺¸ù¾ÝÔÎÄÉÏÏÂÎÄ£¬ºóÒ»¾ä»°Ó¦¸ÃÊǶÔǰһ¾äµÄ²¹³ä˵Ã÷£¬Òò´ËÕâÁ½¾ä»°Ó¦¸ÃʹÓÃͬһʱ̬²Å·ûºÏÓ¢ÓïµÄʱ̬һÖÂÔÔò¡£µ«²»ÖªÎªºÎÒëÎÄÒ»¾äʹÓÃÒ»°ãÏÖÔÚʱ£¬ÁíÒ»¾äȴʹÓÃÒ»°ã¹ýȥʱ£¿ 10¡¢2005Äêµ×£¬³ÇÊÐÉçÇøºÍÅ©´åÀÏÄêÈËлᷢչµ½31.7Íò¸ö£¬ÔÚ×éÖ¯¹ã´óÀÏÄêÈ˲ÎÓë»ù²ãÉçÇø½¨Éè¡¢Éç»á¹«Òæ»î¶¯ºÍά»¤ÀÏÄêÈË×ÔÉíÈ¨ÒæµÈ·½Ãæ·¢»ÓÁË»ý¼«×÷ÓᣠBy the end of 2005, China had 317,000 such associations in both urban and rural areas, playing an active role in organizing large numbers of elderly people to take part in grassroots community construction and public welfare activities, and safeguarding the rights and interests of elderly people. ÎÊÌ⣺°´ÕÕÓ¢ÓïÓï·¨£¬ÒëÎÄÖеķִʶÌÓïplayingµÄÂß¼Ö÷ÓïÊÇChina¡£µ«¸ù¾ÝÔÎÄ£¬ÆäʵʩÕßÓ¦¸ÃÊÇ¡°Ð»á¡±¡£¶øÇÒÒëÎÄÈÝÒ×µ¼ÖÂÎó½â£¬ÈÃÈËÒÔΪÕâÀïµÄplayingÓësafeguardingÐγɲ¢ÁйØÏµ¡£Òò´Ë£¬½¨ÒéÒëÎĸÄΪ£ºBy the end of 2005, in urban and rural communities, 317,000 such associations were established and they played an active role in involving large numbers of elderly people in grassroots community construction, public welfare activities and the protection of their own rights and interests. |
3Â¥2008-06-29 21:43:19
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¶þ¡¢´ÊÓï´îÅäÎÊÌâ 1¡¢¿ªÕ¹ÁË´´½¨È«¹úÎÞÕϰÉèÊ©½¨Éèʾ·¶³Ç£¨Çø£©»î¶¯£¬±±¾©¡¢ÉϺ£¡¢Ìì½òµÈ12¸ö³ÇÊб»È·¶¨ÎªÊ×ÅúÈ«¹úÎÞÕϰÉèÊ©½¨Éèʾ·¶³Ç£¨Çø£©´´½¨³ÇÊС£ A campaign to build demonstration cities/districts of barrier-free facilities is being carried out around the country, and 12 cities, including Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin, have been listed among the first to build such bases. ÎÊÌâ1£ºÕâ¾äÒëÎÄ´æÔÚ½é´Ê´îÅäÎÊÌâ¡£demonstration cities/districts of barrier- free facilitiesÖеĽé´Êof¸ÄΪwithΪ¼Ñ¡£ 2¡¢¸÷¼¶Õþ¸®²ÉÈ¡¶àÖÖÐÎʽ£¬´óÁ¦ºëÑïÖлªÃñ×å¾´ÀÏÑøÀϵÄÓÅÁ¼´«Í³£¬Ìá¸ßÉç»áµÄ¾´ÀÏÒâʶºÍˮƽ¡£ Governments at all levels have adopted a variety of methods to invigorate the tradition of the Chinese nation of respect and support for elderly people, and improve people's awareness of the importance of respecting seniors. ÎÊÌ⣺improve people¡¯s awareness´æÔÚ´îÅäÎÊÌ⣬¸ÄΪincrease people¡¯s awarenessΪ¼Ñ¡£ÒëÎÄthe tradition of the Chinese nation of respect and support for elderly people¶ÁÆðÀ´¸øÈËÒ»ÖÖ²»Ë³³©µÄ¸Ð¾õ£¬½¨Òé¸ÄΪthe Chinese tradition of respecting and supporting elderly people¡£ 3¡¢¹ú¼Ò»ý¼«·¢Õ¹²¹³äÐÔÑøÀϱ£ÏÕ£¬Òýµ¼ºÍ·ö³ÖÓÐÌõ¼þµÄÆóҵΪְ¹¤½¨Á¢ÆóÒµÄê½ð£¬ÓÉÆóÒµºÍÖ°¹¤¹²Í¬½É·Ñ£¬ÊµÐлù½ðÍêÈ«»ýÀÛ£¬¸öÈËÕË»§¹ÜÀí¡£2005Äêµ×£¬È«¹úÒÑÓÐ2.4Íò¼ÒÆóÒµ½¨Á¢ÆóÒµÄê½ð£¬²Î¼ÓÖ°¹¤´ï924ÍòÈË¡£ The state is actively developing supplementary old-age insurance. It guides and helps enterprises with adequate capacity to set up annuities for employees. Both enterprises and employees pay toward the annuity, so that funds are accumulated and managed under individual accounts. By the end of 2005, a total of 24,000 enterprises all over China had set up enterprise annuities, with 9.24 million employees participating. ÎÊÌ⣺pay toward the annuityÖУ¬payµÄÓ÷¨²»ÕýÈ·£»ÔÚwith 9.24 million employees participatingÖУ¬participateµÄÓ÷¨Ò²²»ÕýÈ·¡£ÁíÍ⣬¸ù¾ÝÉÏÏÂÎÄ£¬ enterprise annuitiesÖеÄenterpriseÏÔÈ»¶àÓà¡£ 4¡¢ÖйúÕþ¸®ÖØÊÓÀÏÁä·¨ÂÉ·¨¹æÕþ²ßµÄÐû´«ÆÕ¼°¹¤×÷£¬°Ñ¡¶ÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÀÏÄêÈËÈ¨Òæ±£ÕÏ·¨¡·ÄÉÈë¡°ÈýÎ塱£¨1996¡ª2000Ä꣩¡¢¡°ËÄÎ塱£¨2001¡ª2005Ä꣩ºÍ¡°ÎåÎ塱£¨2006¡ª2010Ä꣩ÆÕ·¨¼Æ»®£¬¿ªÕ¹ÁËÐÎʽ¶àÑùµÄÐû´«Ñ§Ï°»î¶¯£¬Ç¿»¯È«Éç»áά»¤ÀÏÄêÈ˺Ϸ¨È¨ÒæµÄ·¨ÂÉÒâʶºÍÀÏÄêÈ˵Ä×ÔÎÒ±£»¤Òâʶ¡£ The Chinese government attaches importance to publicizing and popularizing laws, regulations and policies concerning senior citizens. It has included the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Elderly People in the Third Five-Year (1996-2000), Fourth Five-Year (2001-2005) and Fifth Five-Year (2006-2010) plans on spreading general knowledge of the law, and launched educational activities in varied forms, strengthening the people's awareness of the importance of protecting seniors' legitimate rights and interests, as well as seniors' self-protection awareness. ÎÊÌ⣺on spreading general knowledge of the lawÖеĽé´Êon·ûºÏÓ¢Óï´îÅäϰ¹ß£¬½¨Òé¸ÄΪfor¡£plan×÷Ãû´Êʱ£¬Ò»°ãÓë½é´Êfor»òof´îÅ䣻×÷¶¯´Êʱ²ÅÓëon´îÅä¡£¶øÕâÀïµÄplanÏÔÈ»ÊÇÃû´Ê¡£ |
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