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The Britannica Guide to Relativity and Quantum Mechanics
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Introduction x Chapter 1: Relativity 1 The Mechanical Universe 1 Light and the Ether 2 Special Relativity 4 Einstein’s Gedankenexperiments 4 Starting Points and Postulates 5 Relativistic Space and Time 6 Relativistic Mass 10 Cosmic Speed Limit 11 E = mc2 11 The Twin Paradox 11 Four-Dimensional Space-Time 12 Experimental Evidence for Special Relativity 22 Chapter 2: General Relativity 24 Principle of Equivalence 24 Curved Space-Time and Geometric Gravitation 26 The Mathematics of General Relativity 28 Cosmological Solutions 28 Black Holes 29 Experimental Evidence for General Relativity 29 Unconfirmed Predictions of General Relativity 31 Gravitational Waves 31 Black Holes and Wormholes 34 Applications of Relativistic Ideas 35 Elementary Particles 35 Particle Accelerators 36 Fission and Fusion: Bombs and Stellar Processes 36 The Global Positioning System 37 Cosmology 37 22 27 30 CONTENTS Relativity, Quantum Theory, and Unified Theories 46 Intellectual and Cultural Impact of Relativity 47 Chapter 3: Quantum Mechanics: Concepts 51 Historical Basis of Quantum Theory 51 Early Developments 52 Planck’s Radiation Law 52 Einstein and the Photoelectric Effect 53 Bohr’s Theory of the Atom 54 Scattering of X-rays 58 Broglie’s Wave Hypothesis 59 Basic Concepts and Methods 60 Schrödinger’s Wave Mechanics 61 Electron Spin and Antiparticles 64 Identical Particles and Multielectron Atoms 69 Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation 74 Tunneling 76 Axiomatic Approach 78 Incompatible Observables 80 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 83 Quantum Electrodynamics 87 Chapter 4: Quantum Mechanics: Interpretation 90 The Electron: Wave or Particle? 90 Hidden Variables 92 Paradox of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen 94 Measurement in Quantum Mechanics 98 Applications of Quantum Mechanics 101 Decay of a Meson 101 97 91 73 Cesium Clock 104 A Quantum Voltage Standard 107 Bose-Einstein Condensate 109 Chapter 5: Biographies 112 Carl David Anderson 112 Hans Bethe 113 David Bohm 118 Niels Bohr 120 Max Born 128 Satyendra Nath Bose 132 Louis-Victor, 7e duke de Broglie 132 Edward Uhler Condon 135 Clinton Joseph Davisson 137 P.A.M. Dirac 137 Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington 143 Albert Einstein 146 Enrico Fermi 163 Richard P. Feynman 169 Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Friedmann 173 George Gamow 174 Hans Geiger 176 Murray Gell-Mann 177 Walther Gerlach 179 Lester Halbert Germer 179 Samuel Abraham Goudsmit 180 Werner Heisenberg 182 Pascual Jordan 190 Brian D. Josephson 192 Max von Laue 194 Hendrik Antoon Lorentz 195 Ernst Mach 196 A.A. Michelson 198 Hermann Minkowski 201 Edward Williams Morley 202 Wolfgang Pauli 203 Max Planck 207 159 121 114 Henri Poincaré 215 Erwin Schrödinger 220 Karl Schwarzschild 223 Julian Seymour Schwinger 224 Arnold Sommerfeld 226 Otto Stern 227 Tomonaga Shin’Ichiro¯ 229 George Eugene Uhlenbeck 230 Wilhelm Wien 231 Conclusion 232 Glossary 234 Bibliography 237 Index 241 |
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