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[资源] Cambridge2011Thermodynamics Of The Earth And Planets

Contents
Preface page ix
1 Energy in planetary processes and the First Law of Thermodynamics 1
1.1 Some necessary definitions 2
1.2 Conservation of energy and different manifestations of energy 4
1.3 Mechanical energy. An introduction to dissipative and non-dissipative
transformations 4
1.4 Expansion work. Introduction to equations of state 13
1.5 Isothermal and adiabatic processes. Dissipative vs. non-dissipative
transformations redux 23
1.6 Elastic energy 24
1.7 Two complementary descriptions of nature: macroscopic and microscopic 26
1.8 Energy associated with electric and magnetic fields 27
1.9 Thermal energy and heat capacity 35
1.10 The First Law of Thermodynamics 39
1.11 Independent variables and material properties 40
1.12 Some applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics 41
1.13 Enthalpy associated with chemical reactions 49
1.14 Internal energy and the relationshipbetween macroscopic
thermodynamics and the microscopic world 55
1.15 An overview of the properties of matter and equations of state 64
Exercises for Chapter 1 67
2 Energy sources in planetary bodies 70
2.1 Planetary heat flows 71
2.2 Dissipation of gravitational potential energy 73
2.3 Gravitational binding energy 75
2.4 Accretion 78
2.5 Contraction 89
2.6 Differentiation 96
2.7 Tidal dissipation of mechanical energy 103
2.8 Dissipation of electrical energy 112
2.9 Radioactive heating 116
Exercises for Chapter 2 120
3 Energy transfer processes in planetary bodies 122
3.1 Transport processes 124
3.2 Heat transport by diffusion 126
3.3 Heat diffusion and cooling of planetary bodies 137
v
vi Contents
3.4 Convection as a heat engine 141
3.5 Planetary adiabats 145
3.6 Heat advection 148
3.7 Convection as a heat transport mechanism 153
3.8 Parametrization of convection in planetary interiors 165
3.9 Convection and cooling of solid planetary interiors 173
Exercises for Chapter 3 178
4The Second Law of Thermodynamics and thermodynamic potentials 181
4.1 An intuitive approach to entropy 181
4.2 The entropy postulate and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 183
4.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics revisited 185
4.4 Entropy generation and energy dissipation 186
4.5 Planetary convection and Carnot cycles 189
4.6 A microscopic view of entropy 196
4.7 The Third Law of Thermodynamics 206
4.8 Thermodynamic potentials 209
4.9 Gibbs free energy 223
Exercises for Chapter 4 227
5 Chemical equilibrium. Using composition as a thermodynamic variable 229
5.1 Chemical equilibrium 229
5.2 Equilibrium among pure chemical species 238
5.3 Phases of variable composition: chemical potential revisited 245
5.4 Partial molar properties 248
5.5 Generalized equilibrium condition. Activity and the equilibrium constant 253
5.6 Introduction to solution theory: ideal solutions 258
5.7 The geometric view of activity and Gibbs free energy of mixing 265
5.8 More complex ideal activity–composition relationships 266
5.9 Non-ideal solutions 274
Exercises for Chapter 5 285
6 Phase equilibrium and phase diagrams 287
6.1 The foundations of phase equilibrium 287
6.2 Analysis of phase equilibrium among phases of
fixed composition 295
6.3 Phase diagrams in open systems 315
6.4 Equilibrium among phases of variable composition 325
6.5 Chemical equilibrium at first-order phase transitions 326
6.6 Discontinuous phase transitions in phases of variable composition 330
Exercises for Chapter 6 347
7 Critical phase transitions 349
7.1 An intuitive approach to critical phase transitions 349
7.2 Location of the critical mixing point 355
7.3 Calculation of non-dimensional solvi 359
7.4 Order–disorder phase transitions in crystalline solids 361
vii Contents
7.5 Analogies with other phase transitions 369
7.6 Landau theory of phase transitions 372
Exercises for Chapter 7 384
8 Equations of state for solids and the internal structure of terrestrial planets 386
8.1 An introduction to equations of state for solids 386
8.2 Macroscopic equations of state 388
8.3 Isothermal equations of state from interatomic potentials:
the Born–Mie EOS 405
8.4 Thermal pressure 407
Exercises for Chapter 8 419
9 Thermodynamics of planetary volatiles 420
9.1 Fugacity and standard state fugacity 420
9.2 Liquid–vapor equilibrium. Critical phase transitions redux 428
9.3 The principle of corresponding states 440
9.4 Equations of state for real fluids at P–T conditions typical
of the crusts and upper mantles of the terrestrial planets 442
9.5 Calculation of fugacity in fluid phases 450
9.6 Speciation in multicomponent volatile phases 459
9.7 Fluids at the conditions of giant planet interiors 473
Exercises for Chapter 9 475
10 Melting in planetary bodies 477
10.1 Principles of melting 477
10.2 Melting point depression. Eutectics, cotectics and peritectics 481
10.3 Partitioning of trace components between solids and melts 484
10.4 The effect of “impurities” on melting temperature 487
10.5 Melting in planetary interiors 494
10.6 Decompression melting 494
10.7 Open system melting 512
10.8 The nature of solid–melt equilibrium in icy satellites 517
Exercises for Chapter 10 521
11 Dilute solutions 522
11.1 Some properties of dilute solutions 522
11.2 Effects of dilute solutes on the properties of the solvent 529
11.3 Electrolyte dissociation 540
11.4 Thermodynamic formulation of electrolyte solutions 544
11.5 Speciation in ionic solutions. Iron solubility in ocean water
as an example 554
11.6 Activity coefficients in electrolyte solutions 562
Exercises for Chapter 11 575
12 Non-equilibrium thermodynamics and rates of natural processes 577
12.1 Non-equilibrium thermodynamics 577
12.2 Chemical diffusion 581
viii Contents
12.3 Rate of chemical reactions 592
12.4 Controls on rate constants 609
12.5 An introduction to kinetics of heterogeneous processes 611
Exercises for Chapter 12 615
13 Topics in atmospheric thermodynamics and radiative energy transfer 616
13.1 Gravitational binding of planetary atmospheres 616
13.2 Equilibrium thermodynamics in a gravitational field 620
13.3 Radiative energy transfer 625
Exercises for Chapter 13 643
14Thermodynamics of life 645
14.1 Chemical evolution of post-nebular atmospheres 645
14.2 Thermodynamics of metabolic processes 657
14.3 Speculations about extraterrestrial life 665
14.4 Entropy and life 668
Exercise for Chapter 14 669
Appendix 1 Physical constants and other useful numbers and
conversion factors 671
Appendix 2 Derivation of thermodynamic identities 672
References 675
Index 690

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2015-03-07 20:42:18, 5.39 M