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Eruptions that Shook the World - C. Oppenheimer (Cambridge, 2011)
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Contents Preface page ix Acknowledgements xv 1. Fire and brimstone: how volcanoes work 1 1.1 Origins of volcanoes: the mantle 4 1.2 Magma 9 1.3 Eruption parameters 14 1.4 Summary 21 2. Eruption styles, hazards and ecosystem impacts 22 2.1 Eruption clouds 23 2.2 Tephra falls 29 2.3 Pyroclastic currents & caldera formation 32 2.4 Lava flows and domes 36 2.5 Rock avalanches and mudflows 38 2.6 Tsunami 41 2.7 Earthquakes 42 2.8 Volcanic gas emissions 44 2.9 Recovery of ecosystems 46 2.10 Volcanic disasters 49 2.11 Summary 51 3. Volcanoes and global climate change 53 3.1 Pinatubos global cloud 54 3.2 Atmospheric and climatic change 60 3.3 Recipe for a climate-forcing eruption 69 3.4 Summary 76 4. Forensic volcanology 77 4.1 Reading the rocks 78 4.2 Ice cores 95 v 4.3 Tree rings 102 4.4 Summary 106 5. Relics, myths and chronicles 109 5.1 Archaeological perspectives 110 5.2 Oral traditions 123 5.3 Crepuscular lights, cannonades and chronicles 128 5.4 Volcano forensics: a case study 134 5.5 Summary 138 6. Killer plumes 140 6.1 Mass extinctions 141 6.2 More about LIPs 141 6.3 LIP origins 144 6.4 LIPs, bolides and extinctions: the coincidences 148 6.5 Kill mechanisms 155 6.6 Hot LIPs and cold SLIPs 160 6.7 Summary 164 7. Human origins 166 7.1 The East African Rift Valley 167 7.2 The first humans 168 7.3 The Middle Stone Age and modern humans 171 7.4 Summary 179 8. The ash giant/sulphur dwarf 181 8.1 The eruption 181 8.2 Sulphur yield of the eruption 187 8.3 Climate change 190 8.4 The human story 196 8.5 Focus on India 201 8.6 Summary 205 9. European volcanism in prehistory 208 9.1 The Campanian eruption and the human revolution in Palaeolithic Europe 208 9.2 Cultural devolution and the Laacher See eruption 216 9.3 Eruption of Santorini and decline of the Minoan civilisation 225 9.4 Summary 238 10. The rise of TeotihuacÆn 240 10.1 Popocate·petl 241 10.2 The Ilopango eruption 248 10.3 Summary 251 11. Dark Ages: dark nature? 253 11.1 The Mystery Cloud of 536 CE 254 vi Contents 11.2 Veils and whips 260 11.3 Summary 267 12. The haze famine 269 12.1 The eruption 270 12.2 Gas emissions and aerosol veil 276 12.3 Weather and climate 279 12.4 The haze famine 283 12.5 Long reach of the eruption 289 12.6 Summary 294 13. The last great subsistence crisis in the Western world 295 13.1 Sumbawa before the disaster 296 13.2 The eruption 296 13.3 Atmospheric and climate impacts 306 13.4 Human tragedy 308 13.5 Global reach of the eruption 312 13.6 Summary 318 14. Volcanic catastrophe risk 320 14.1 Three catastrophe scenarios 321 14.2 Risk control 334 14.3 Global warming: fake volcanoes and real eruptions 346 14.4 Shaken but not stirred 351 Appendix A: Large eruptions 355 Appendix B: Further reading and data sources 364 References 369 Index 385 |
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