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[资源] Nuclear Energy - An Introduction to the Concepts, Systems, etc. (5th ed)

Part I BASIC CONCEPTS
1 Energy
1.1 Forces and Energy 3
1.2 Thermal Energy 5
1.3 Radiant Energy 7
1.4 The Equivalence of Matter and Energy 8
1.5 Energy and the World 9
1.6 Summary 10
1.7 Exercises 10
1.8 General References 11
1.9 References for Chapter 1 13
2 Atoms and Nuclei
2.1 Atomic Theory 14
2.2 Gases 15
2.3 The Atom and Light 15
2.4 Laser Beams 18
2.5 Nuclear Structure 19
2.6 Sizes and Masses of Nuclei 20
2.7 Binding Energy 21
2.8 Summary 23
2.9 Exercises 23
2.10 References for Chapter 2 25
3 Radioactivity
3.1 Radioactive Decay 27
3.2 The Decay Law 27
3.3 Radioactive Chains 31
3.4 Measurement of Half-Life 32
3.5 Summary 34
3.6 Exercises 34
3.7 References for Chapter 3 35
4 Nuclear Processes
4.1 Transmutation of Elements 37
4.2 Energy and Momentum Conservation 39
4.3 Reaction Rates 40
xx Contents
4.4 Particle Attenuation 44
4.5 Neutron Cross Sections 45
4.6 Neutron Migration 47
4.7 Summary 52
4.8 Exercises 52
4.9 References for Chapter 4 55
5 Radiation and Materials
5.1 Excitation and Ionization by Electrons 57
5.2 Heavy Charged Particle Stopping by Matter 58
5.3 Gamma Ray Interactions with Matter 60
5.4 Neutron Reactions 63
5.5 Summary 64
5.6 Exercises 64
5.7 References for Chapter 5 65
6 Fission
6.1 The Fission Process 67
6.2 Energy Considerations 67
6.3 Byproducts of Fission 69
6.4 Energy from Nuclear Fuels 73
6.5 Summary 73
6.6 Exercises 74
6.7 References for Chapter 6 74
7 Fusion
7.1 Fusion Reactions 76
7.2 Electrostatic and Nuclear Forces 77
7.3 Thermonuclear Reactions in a Plasma 78
7.4 Summary 80
7.5 Exercises 81
7.6 References for Chapter 7 81
Part II NUCLEAR SYSTEMS
8 Particle Accelerators
8.1 Electric and Magnetic Forces 85
8.2 High-Voltage Machines 86
8.3 Linear Accelerator 87
8.4 Cyclotron and Betatron 88
8.5 Synchrotron and Collider 90
8.6 Spallation 94
8.7 Summary 95
8.8 Exercises 95
8.9 References for Chapter 8 96
Contents xxi
9 Isotope Separators
9.1 Mass Spectrograph 99
9.2 Gaseous Diffusion Separator 100
9.3 Gas Centrifuge 105
9.4 Laser Isotope Separation 107
9.5 Separation of Deuterium 109
9.6 Summary 110
9.7 Exercises 110
9.8 References for Chapter 9 112
10 Radiation Detectors
10.1 Gas Counters 115
10.2 Neutron Detectors 116
10.3 Scintillation Counters 118
10.4 Solid State Detectors 119
10.5 Statistics of Counting 120
10.6 Pulse Height Analysis 122
10.7 Advanced Detectors 123
10.8 Summary 124
10.9 Exercises 124
10.10 References for Chapter 10 126
11 Neutron Chain Reactions
11.1 Criticality and Multiplication 128
11.2 Multiplication Factors 128
11.3 Neutron Flux and Reactor Power 134
11.4 Reactor Types 135
11.5 Reactor Operation 139
11.6 The Natural Reactor 142
11.7 Summary 142
11.8 Exercises 143
11.9 References for Chapter 11 145
12 Nuclear Heat Energy
12.1 Methods of Heat Transmission 147
12.2 Heat Generation and Removal 147
12.3 Steam Generation and Electrical Power Production 152
12.4 Waste Heat Rejection 153
12.5 Summary 158
12.6 Exercises 159
12.7 References for Chapter 12 160
13 Breeder Reactors
13.1 The Concept of Breeding 162
13.2 Isotope Production and Consumption 164
xxii Contents
13.3 The Fast Breeder Reactor 165
13.4 Breeding and Uranium Resources 169
13.5 Summary 171
13.6 Exercises 172
13.7 References for Chapter 13 172
14 Fusion Reactors
14.1 Comparison of Fusion Reactions 174
14.2 Requirements for Practical Fusion Reactors 175
14.3 Magnetic Confinement Machines 177
14.4 Inertial Confinement Machines 181
14.5 Other Fusion Concepts 185
14.6 Prospects for Fusion 187
14.7 Summary 190
14.8 Exercises 190
14.9 References for Chapter 14 191
Part III NUCLEAR ENERGY AND MAN
15 The History of Nuclear Energy
15.1 The Rise of Nuclear Physics 197
15.2 The Discovery of Fission 198
15.3 The Development of Nuclear Weapons 199
15.4 Reactor Research and Development 202
15.5 The Nuclear Controversy 204
15.6 Summary 206
15.7 References for Chapter 15 206
16 Biological Effects of Radiation
16.1 Physiological Effects 211
16.2 Radiation Dose Units 212
16.3 Basis for Limits of Exposure 215
16.4 Sources of Radiation Dosage 219
16.5 Summary 220
16.6 Exercises 220
16.7 References for Chapter 16 221
17 Information from Isotopes
17.1 Stable and Radioactive Isotopes 225
17.2 Tracer Techniques 225
17.3 Radiopharmaceuticals 227
17.4 Medical Imaging 228
17.5 Radioimmunoassay 229
17.6 Dating 230
17.7 Neutron Activation Analysis 231
Contents xxiii
17.8 Radiography 236
17.9 Radiation Gauges 238
17.10 Summary 240
17.11 Exercises 241
17.12 References for Chapter 17 242
18 Useful Radiation Effects
18.1 Medical Treatment 246
18.2 Radiation Preservation of Food 248
18.3 Sterilization of Medical Supplies 252
18.4 Pathogen Reduction 253
18.5 Crop Mutations 253
18.6 Insect Control 254
18.7 Applications in Chemistry 255
18.8 Transmutation Doping of Semiconductors 256
18.9 Neutrons in Fundamental Physics 256
18.10 Neutrons in Biological Studies 258
18.11 Research with Synchrotron X-rays 259
18.12 Summary 260
18.13 Exercises 260
18.14 References for Chapter 18 261
19 Reactor Safety
19.1 Neutron Population Growth 264
19.2 Assurance of Safety 268
19.3 Emergency Core Cooling and Containment 274
19.4 Probabilistic Risk Assessment 277
19.5 The Three Mile Island Accident and Lessons Learned 281
19.6 The Chernobyl Accident 285
19.7 Philosophy of Safety 289
19.8 Summary 291
19.9 Exercises 291
19.10 References for Chapter 19 294
20 Nuclear Propulsion
20.1 Reactors for Naval Propulsion 298
20.2 Space Reactors 300
20.3 Space Isotopic Power 302
20.4 Future Nuclear Space Applications 305
20.5 Summary 308
20.6 Exercises 309
20.7 References for Chapter 20 309
21 Radiation Protection
21.1 Protective Measures 312
xxiv Contents
21.2 Calculation of Dose 314
21.3 Effects of Distance and Shielding 315
21.4 Internal Exposure 321
21.5 The Radon Problem 322
21.6 Environmental Radiological Assessment 323
21.7 Newer Radiation Standards 325
21.8 Summary 328
21.9 Exercises 328
21.10 References for Chapter 21 330
22 Radioactive Waste Disposal
22.1 The Nuclear Fuel Cycle 333
22.2 Waste Classification 335
22.3 Spent Fuel Storage 336
22.4 Transportation 339
22.5 Reprocessing 340
22.6 High-Level Waste Disposal 343
22.7 Low-Level Waste Generation, Treatment, and Disposal 348
22.8 Environmental Restoration of Defense Sites 355
22.9 Nuclear Power Plant Decommissioning 356
22.10 Summary 357
22.11 Exercises 358
22.12 References for Chapter 22 360
23 Laws, Regulations, and Organizations
23.1 The Atomic Energy Acts 364
23.2 The Environmental Protection Agency 365
23.3 The Nuclear Regulatory Commission 366
23.4 The Department of Energy 368
23.5 International Atomic Energy Agency 369
23.6 Institute of Nuclear Power Operations 370
23.7 Other Organizations 373
23.8 Energy Policy Act 376
23.9 Summary 378
23.10 References for Chapter 23 379
24 Energy Economics
24.1 Components of Electrical Power Cost 383
24.2 Forecasts and Reality 386
24.3 Challenges and Opportunities 389
24.4 Technical and Institutional Improvements 392
24.5 Effect of Deregulation and Restructuring 396
24.6 Advanced Reactors 398
24.7 Summary 401
24.8 Exercises 401
Contents xxv
24.9 References for Chapter 24 402
25 International Nuclear Power
25.1 Reactor Distribution 406
25.2 Western Europe 406
25.3 Eastern Europe and the CIS 410
25.4 The Far East 412
25.5 Other Countries 414
25.6 Summary 416
25.7 References for Chapter 25 416
26 Nuclear Explosions
26.1 Nuclear Power vs. Nuclear Weapons 419
26.2 Nuclear Explosives 420
26.3 The Prevention of Nuclear War 426
26.4 Nonproliferation and Safeguards 429
26.5 IAEA Inspections 431
26.6 Production of Tritium 432
26.7 Management of Weapons Uranium and Plutonium 433
26.8 Summary 435
26.9 Exercises 435
26.10 References for Chapter 26 436
27 The Future
27.1 Dimensions 440
27.2 World Energy Use 441
27.3 Nuclear Energy and Sustainable Development 443
27.4 Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change 446
27.5 Perspectives 448
27.6 Research and Development 452
27.7 Summary 454
27.8 Exercises 455
27.9 References for Chapter 27 455
Appendix
Conversion Factors 461
Atomic and Nuclear Data 462
Answers to Exercises 464
The Internet 467
Computer Programs 467
INDEX 471

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附件 1 : MURRAY,_R._L._(2000)._Nuclear_Energy_-_An_Introduction_to_the_Concepts,_Systems,_etc._(5th_ed).pdf

2015-02-27 23:30:30, 8.63 M