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Chapter 1 Structural organization of the nervous system 1 1.1 Nervous systems 1 1.2 The anatomy of a neuron 2 1.3 Non-myelinated nerve fibres 2 1.4 Myelinated nerve fibres 4 Chapter 2 Resting and action potentials 9 2.1 Electrophysiological recording methods 9 2.2 Intracellular recording of the membrane potential 11 2.3 Extracellular recording of the nervous impulse 13 2.4 Excitation 16 Chapter 3 The ionic permeability of the nerve membrane 21 3.1 Structure of the cell membrane 21 3.2 Distribution of ions in nerve and muscle 24 3.3 The genesis of the resting potential 25 3.4 The Donnan equilibrium system in muscle 27 3.5 The active transport of ions 28 Chapter 4 Membrane permeability changes during excitation 34 4.1 The impedance change during the spike 34 4.2 The sodium hypothesis 34 4.3 Voltage-clamp experiments 39 4.4 Patch-clamp studies 47 Chapter 5 Voltage-gated ion channels 49 5.1 cDNA sequencing studies 49 5.2 The primary structure of voltage-gated ion channels 49 5.3 The sodium gating current 53 5.4 The screw-helical mechanism of voltage-gating 55 5.5 The ionic selectivity of voltage-gated channels 59 Chapter 6 Cable theory and saltatory conduction 63 6.1 The spread of potential changes in a cable system 63 6.2 Saltatory conduction in myelinated nerves 65 6.3 Factors affecting conduction velocity 70 6.4 Factors affecting the threshold for excitation 71 6.5 After-potentials 72 Contents vi CONTENTS Chapter 7 Neuromuscular transmission 74 7.1 The neuromuscular junction 74 7.2 Chemical transmission 75 7.3 Post-synaptic responses 76 7.4 Pre-synaptic events 84 Chapter 8 Synaptic transmission in the nervous system 87 8.1 Synaptic excitation in motoneurons 87 8.2 Inhibition in motoneurons 90 8.3 Interaction of IPSPs with EPSPs 91 8.4 Pre-synaptic inhibition 92 8.5 Slow synaptic potentials 92 8.6 G-protein-linked receptors 94 8.7 Electrotonic synapses 97 Chapter 9 The mechanism of contraction in skeletal muscle 99 9.1 Anatomy 99 9.2 The structure of the myofibril 100 9.3 The sliding-filament theory 103 9.4 The molecular basis of contraction 106 Chapter 10 The activation of skeletal muscle 112 10.1 Ion channels in the membrane of skeletal muscle 112 10.2 Action potential generation in surface and tubular membranes of skeletal muscle 113 10.3 Excitation¨Ccontraction coupling in skeletal muscle 115 10.4 Involvement of Ca2+ ions in excitation¨Ccontraction coupling 116 10.5 Internal membrane systems 118 10.6 Triggering molecules for the release of sarcoplasmic reticular calcium 119 10.7 Tubular voltage detection mechanisms triggering excitation¨Ccontraction coupling 121 10.8 Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through the ryanodine receptor 124 10.9 Triggering of ryanodine receptor opening through configurational coupling to the dihydropyridine receptor 125 10.10 Restoration of sarcoplasmic reticular calcium following repolarization 126 10.11 Overview of excitation¨Ccontraction coupling in skeletal muscle 128 Chapter 11 Contractile function in skeletal muscle 129 11.1 Isometric and isotonic contractions 129 11.2 Isometric twitch and tetanus 130 Contents vii 11.3 Isotonic contractions 132 11.4 Energetics of contraction 135 11.5 Work and power 135 11.6 Heat production 137 11.7 Efficiency 137 11.8 The energy source 138 11.9 Muscular fatigue 140 11.10 Energy balances during muscular exercise 141 11.11 Ionic and osmotic balances during muscular exercise 142 11.12 The effects of training 144 Chapter 12 Cardiac muscle 146 12.1 Structure and organization of cardiac cells 146 12.2 The electrical initiation of the heartbeat 146 12.3 The cardiac action potential 148 12.4 Ionic currents in cardiac muscle 149 12.5 The electrocardiogram 152 12.6 Cardiac excitation¨Ccontraction coupling 154 12.7 Nervous control of the heart 157 12.8 Cardiac arrhythmogenesis 158 Chapter 13 Smooth muscle 162 13.1 Structure 162 13.2 Excitation 163 13.3 Excitation¨Ccontraction coupling 164 13.4 Contractile mechanism 165 13.5 Mechanical properties 167 Further reading 169 References 170 Index 178 |
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