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近年与凝聚态有关的诺贝尔奖
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2003 Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg, Anthony J. Leggett For pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids 对超导体和超流体理论的先驱性贡献 2001 Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman For the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates 碱性原子稀薄气体的玻色－－爱因斯坦凝聚态 和 凝聚态物质性质早期基础性研究 2000 Zhores I. Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby For basic work on information and communication technology For developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics For his part in the invention of the integrated circuit 发明快速晶体管、激光二极管和集成电路 2000 Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa Chemistry Prize For the discovery and development of conductive polymers 导电聚合物的发现和发展 1998 Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer, Daniel C. Tsui For their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations 发现并解释了电子在强磁场中相互作用而形成一种新粒子,称为准粒子 1998 Walter Kohn, John A. Pople Chemistry Prize for his development of the density-functional theory for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry 提出的密度泛函理论对化学作出了巨大的贡献 波函数方法 1996 David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3 发现氦-3中的超流动性 1994 Bertram N. Brockhouse, Clifford G. Shull for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter 中子谱学和中子衍射技术 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers 把研究简单系统中有序现象的方法推广到更复杂的物理态,特别是液晶和聚合物 1987 J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alex Müller for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials 高温超导电性 1986 Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope 在电光学领域作了基础性工作,并设计了第一架电子显微镜 设计出了扫描隧道显微镜 1985 Klaus von Klitzing for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect 发现量子霍尔效应 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions 表彰他对与相变有关的临界现象所作的理论贡献 1978 Pyotr Kapitsa, Arno Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation 表彰他在低温物理学领域的基本发明和发现 表彰他们发现了宇宙背景微波辐射 1977 Philip W. Anderson, Sir Nevill F. Mott, John H. van Vleck for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems 表彰他们对磁性和无序系统的电子结构所作的基础理论研究 1973 Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, Brian D. Josephson for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects 表彰他们分别在有关半导体和超导体中德隧道现象的实验发现 表彰他对穿过隧道壁垒的超导电流所作的理论预言，特别是关于普遍称为约瑟夫森效应的那些现象 1972 John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper, Robert Schrieffer for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory 表彰他们合作发展了通常称为BCS理论的超导电性理论 1970 Hannes Alfvén, Louis Néel for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics 表彰他对磁流体动力学的基础工作和发现，及其在等离子体不同部分卓有成效的应用 表彰他对反铁磁性和铁氧体磁性所作的基础研究和发现 1962 Lev Landau for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium 表彰他作出了凝聚态特别是液氦的先驱性理论 1961 Robert Hofstadter, Rudolf Mössbauer for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the stucture of the nucleons for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name 表彰他在电子受原子核散射的先驱性研究及由此获得的核子结构的发现 研究g辐射的共振吸收并发现了以他的名字命名的穆思堡尔效应 1956 William B. Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect 表彰他们对半导体的研究和晶体管效应的发现 |
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