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[资源] 剑桥2007年英文原版Analytical Chemistry in Archaeology

作者：A.M. Pollard
Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art,
University of Oxford, UK
C.M. Batt and B. Stern
Department of Archaeological Sciences,
University of Bradford, UK
S.M.M. Young
NASA Researcher, Department of Chemistry, Tufts University,
Medford, Massachusetts, USA
PART I THE ROLE OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
IN ARCHAEOLOGY 1
1. ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 3
1.1 The history of analytical chemistry in archaeology 5
1.2 Basic archaeological questions 10
1.3 Questions of process 25
2. AN INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 31
2.1 What is chemistry? 31
2.2 Analytical chemistry 38
2.3 Special considerations in the analysis of archaeological material 42
PART II THE APPLICATION OF ANALYTICAL
CHEMISTRY TO ARCHAEOLOGY 45
3. ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS BY ABSORPTION AND
EMISSION SPECTROSCOPIES IN THE VISIBLE
AND ULTRAVIOLET 47
3.1 Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) 47
3.2 Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) 48
3.3 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
(ICP–AES) 57
3.4 Comparison of analysis by absorption/emission
spectrometries 60
3.5 Greek pots and European bronzes – archaeological
applications of emission/absorption spectrometries 62
4. MOLECULAR ANALYSIS BY ABSORPTION AND
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 70
4.1 Optical and UV spectrophotometry 70
4.2 Infrared absorption spectroscopy 77
v
4.3 Raman spectroscopy 83
4.4 Soils, bone, and the ‘‘Baltic shoulder’’ – archaeological
applications of vibrational spectroscopy 85
5. X-RAY TECHNIQUES AND ELECTRON BEAM
MICROANALYSIS 93
5.1 Introduction to X-rays 93
5.2 X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry 101
5.3 Electron microscopy as an analytical tool 109
5.4 X-ray diffraction 113
5.5 Other X-ray related techniques 116
5.6 A cornucopia of delights – archaeological applications
of X-ray analysis 118
6. NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 123
6.1 Introduction to nuclear structure and the principles of
neutron activation analysis 123
6.2 Neutron activation analysis in practice 128
6.3 Practical alchemy – archaeological applications of NAA 130
7. CHROMATOGRAPHY 137
7.1 Principles of chromatography 137
7.2 Classical liquid column chromatography 139
7.3 Thin layer chromatography (TLC) 139
7.4 Gas chromatography (GC) 142
7.5 High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 146
7.6 Sticky messengers from the past – archaeological
applications of chromatography 147
8. MASS SPECTROMETRY 160
8.1 Separation of ions by electric and magnetic fields 160
8.2 Light stable isotopes (D, 13C, 15N, 18O,
and 34S) 169
8.3 Heavy isotopes (Pb, Sr) – thermal ionization mass
spectrometry (TIMS) 173
8.4 Combined techniques – GC–MS 174
8.5 Isotope archaeology – applications of MS in archaeology 176
9. INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA–MASS
SPECTROMETRY (ICP–MS) 195
9.1 Types of ICP analysis 195
9.2 Comparison with other techniques 200
9.3 Instrument performance 202
9.4 Splitting hairs – archaeological applications of ICP–MS 208
vi Contents
PART III SOME BASIC CHEMISTRY FOR ARCHAEOLOGISTS 215
10. ATOMS, ISOTOPES, ELECTRON ORBITALS,
AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 217
10.1 The discovery of subatomic particles 217
10.2 The Bohr–Rutherford model of the atom 227
10.3 Stable and radioactive isotopes 230
10.4 The quantum atom 238
10.5 The periodic table 243
11. VALENCY, BONDING, AND MOLECULES 249
11.1 Atoms and molecules 249
11.2 Bonds between atoms 253
11.3 Intermolecular bonds 258
11.4 Lewis structures and the shapes of molecules 260
11.5 Introduction to organic compounds 263
11.6 Isomers 269
12. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 275
12.1 Electromagnetic waves 275
12.2 Particle–wave duality 279
12.3 Emission lines and the Rydberg equation 281
12.4 Absorption of EM radiation by matter – Beer’s law 286
12.5 The EM spectrum and spectrochemical analysis 288
12.6 Synchrotron radiation 290
13. PRACTICAL ISSUES IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 294
13.1 Some basic procedures in analytical chemistry 294
13.2 Sample preparation for trace element and residue analysis 302
13.3 Standards for calibration 306
13.4 Calibration procedures and estimation of errors 309
13.5 Quality assurance procedures 319
Epilogue 322
Appendices 326
I Scientific notation 326
II Significant figures 327
III Seven basic SI units 328
IV Physical constants 329
V Greek notation 330
VI Chemical symbols and isotopes of the elements 331
VII Electronic configuration of the elements
(to radon, Z¼86) 335
Contents vii
VIII Some common inorganic and organic sample
preparation methods used in archaeology 337
IX General safe practice in the laboratory 340
X COSHH assessments 342
References 350
Index 391

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2015-01-29 23:15:55, 2.45 M