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[资源] 剑桥2011年英文原版High Energy Astrophysics_3Ed

Providing students with an in-depth account of the astrophysics of high energy phenomena
in the Universe, the third edition of this well-established textbook is ideal for advanced
undergraduate and beginning graduate courses in high energy astrophysics.
Building on the concepts and techniques taught in standard undergraduate courses, this
textbook provides the astronomical and astrophysical background for students to explore
more advanced topics. Special emphasis is given to the underlying physical principles of
high energy astrophysics, helping students understand the essential physics.
The third edition has been completely rewritten, consolidating the previous editions
into one volume. It covers the most recent discoveries in areas such as gamma-ray bursts,
ultra-high energy cosmic rays and ultra-high energy gamma rays. The topics have been
rearranged and streamlined to make them more applicable to a wide range of different
astrophysical problems.
Malcolm S. Longair is Emeritus Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy and Director of
Development at the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge. He has held many
senior positions in physics and astronomy, and has served on and chaired many national and
international committees, boards and panels, working with both NASA and the European
Space Agency. He has received much recognition for his work, including a CBE in the
millennium honours list for his services to astronomy and cosmology. He is a Fellow of
the Royal Society of London, the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Academia Lincei and
the Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Arte e Literatura.
Part I Astronomical background
1 High energy astrophysics – an introduction 3
1.1 High energy astrophysics and modern physics and astronomy 3
1.2 The sky in different astronomical wavebands 4
1.3 Optical waveband 3 × 1014 ν 1015 Hz; 1 μm λ 300 nm 5
1.4 Infrared waveband 3 × 1012 ν 3 × 1014 Hz; 100 λ 1 μm 9
1.5 Millimetre and submillimetre waveband 30 GHz ν 3 THz;
10 λ 0.1 mm 14
1.6 Radio waveband 3MHz ν 30 GHz; 100 m λ 1 cm 17
1.7 Ultraviolet waveband 1015 ν 3 × 1016 Hz; 300 λ 10 nm 21
1.8 X-ray waveband 3 × 1016 ν 3 × 1019 Hz; 10 λ 0.01 nm;
0.1 E 100 keV 22
1.9 γ -ray waveband ν 3 × 1019 Hz; λ 0.01 nm; E 100 keV 25
1.10 Cosmic ray astrophysics 27
1.11 Other non-electromagnetic astronomies 32
1.12 Concluding remarks 34
2 The stars and stellar evolution 35
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Basic observations 35
2.3 Stellar structure 39
2.4 The equations of energy generation and energy transport 43
2.5 The equations of stellar structure 47
2.6 The Sun as a star 50
2.7 Evolution of high and low mass stars 59
2.8 Stellar evolution on the colour–magnitude diagram 68
2.9 Mass loss 70
2.10 Conclusion 75
3 The galaxies 77
3.1 Introduction 77
3.2 The Hubble sequence 78
vii
viii Contents
3.3 The red and blue sequences 80
3.4 Further correlations among the properties of galaxies 86
3.5 The masses of galaxies 89
3.6 The luminosity function of galaxies 95
4 Clusters of galaxies 99
4.1 The morphologies of rich clusters of galaxies 99
4.2 Clusters of galaxies and isothermal gas spheres 102
4.3 The Coma Cluster of galaxies 106
4.4 Mass distribution of hot gas and dark matter in clusters 109
4.5 Cooling flows in clusters of galaxies 110
4.6 The Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect in hot intracluster gas 114
4.7 Gravitational lensing by galaxies and clusters of galaxies 116
4.8 Dark matter in galaxies and clusters of galaxies 123
Part II Physical processes
5 Ionisation losses 131
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 Ionisation losses – non-relativistic treatment 131
5.3 The relativistic case 136
5.4 Practical forms of the ionisation loss formulae 141
5.5 Ionisation losses of electrons 145
5.6 Nuclear emulsions, plastics and meteorites 146
5.7 Dynamical friction 151
6 Radiation of accelerated charged particles and bremsstrahlung of electrons 154
6.1 Introduction 154
6.2 The radiation of accelerated charged particles 154
6.3 Bremsstrahlung 163
6.4 Non-relativistic bremsstrahlung energy loss rate 166
6.5 Thermal bremsstrahlung 167
6.6 Relativistic bremsstrahlung 173
7 The dynamics of charged particles in magnetic fields 178
7.1 A uniform static magnetic field 178
7.2 A time-varying magnetic field 180
7.3 The scattering of charged particles by irregularities in the magnetic field 184
7.4 The scattering of high energy particles by Alfv′en and
hydromagnetic waves 187
7.5 The diffusion-loss equation for high energy particles 189
8 Synchrotron radiation 193
8.1 The total energy loss rate 193
8.2 Non-relativistic gyroradiation and cyclotron radiation 195
ix Contents
8.3 The spectrum of synchrotron radiation – physical arguments 198
8.4 The spectrum of synchrotron radiation – a fuller version 202
8.5 The synchrotron radiation of a power-law distribution of electron
energies 212
8.6 The polarisation of synchrotron radiation 214
8.7 Synchrotron self-absorption 217
8.8 Useful numerical results 222
8.9 The radio emission of the Galaxy 224
9 Interactions of high energy photons 228
9.1 Photoelectric absorption 228
9.2 Thomson and Compton scattering 231
9.3 Inverse Compton scattering 237
9.4 Comptonisation 243
9.5 The Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect 257
9.6 Synchrotron–self-Compton radiation 260
9.7 Cherenkov radiation 264
9.8 Electron–positron pair production 270
9.9 Electron–photon cascades, electromagnetic showers and the detection
of ultra-high energy γ -rays 272
9.10 Electron–positron annihilation and positron production mechanisms 275
10 Nuclear interactions 279
10.1 Nuclear interactions and high energy astrophysics 279
10.2 Spallation cross-sections 282
10.3 Nuclear emission lines 287
10.4 Cosmic rays in the atmosphere 292
11 Aspects of plasma physics andmagnetohydrodynamics 298
11.1 Elementary concepts in plasma physics 298
11.2 Magnetic flux freezing 304
11.3 Shock waves 314
11.4 The Earth’s magnetosphere 319
11.5 Magnetic buoyancy 321
11.6 Reconnection of magnetic lines of force 323
Part III High energy astrophysics in our Galaxy
12 Interstellar gas andmagnetic fields 333
12.1 The interstellar medium in the life cycle of stars 333
12.2 Diagnostic tools – neutral interstellar gas 333
12.3 Ionised interstellar gas 340
12.4 Interstellar dust 347
12.5 An overall picture of the interstellar gas 353
x Contents
12.6 Star formation 361
12.7 The Galactic magnetic field 369
13 Dead stars 378
13.1 Supernovae 378
13.2 White dwarfs, neutron stars and the Chandrasekhar limit 394
13.3 White dwarfs 401
13.4 Neutron stars 401
13.5 The discovery of neutron stars 406
13.6 The galactic population of neutron stars 419
13.7 Thermal emission of neutron stars 421
13.8 Pulsar glitches 422
13.9 The pulsar magnetosphere 424
13.10 The radio and high energy emission of pulsars 427
13.11 Black holes 429
14 Accretion power in astrophysics 443
14.1 Introduction 443
14.2 Accretion–general considerations 443
14.3 Thin accretion discs 451
14.4 Thick discs and advective flows 461
14.5 Accretion in binary systems 464
14.6 Accreting binary systems 473
14.7 Black holes in X-ray binaries 486
14.8 Final thoughts 492
15 Cosmic rays 493
15.1 The energy spectra of cosmic ray protons and nuclei 493
15.2 The abundances of the elements in the cosmic rays 496
15.3 The isotropy and energy density of cosmic rays 502
15.4 Gamma ray observations of the Galaxy 503
15.5 The origin of the light elements in the cosmic rays 507
15.6 The confinement time of cosmic rays in the Galaxy and cosmic ray
clocks 515
15.7 The confinement volume for cosmic rays 517
15.8 The Galactic halo 520
15.9 The highest energy cosmic rays and extensive air-showers 522
15.10 Observations of the highest energy cosmic rays 524
15.11 The isotropy of ultra-high energy cosmic rays 529
15.12 The Greisen–Kuzmin–Zatsepin (GKZ) cut-off 531
16 The origin of cosmic rays in our Galaxy 536
16.1 Introduction 536
16.2 Energy loss processes for high energy electrons 536
xi Contents
16.3 Diffusion-loss equation for high energy electrons 540
16.4 Supernova remnants as sources of high energy particles 545
16.5 The minimum energy requirements for synchrotron radiation 549
16.6 Supernova remnants as sources of high energy electrons 553
16.7 The evolution of supernova remnants 554
16.8 The adiabatic loss problem and the acceleration of high
energy particles 556
17 The acceleration of high energy particles 561
17.1 General principles of acceleration 561
17.2 The acceleration of particles in solar flares 562
17.3 Fermi acceleration – original version 564
17.4 Diffusive shock acceleration in strong shock waves 568
17.5 Beyond the standard model 574
17.6 The highest energy cosmic rays 580
Part IV Extragalactic high energy astrophysics
18 Active galaxies 585
18.1 Introduction 585
18.2 Radio galaxies and high energy astrophysics 585
18.3 The quasars 586
18.4 Seyfert galaxies 592
18.5 Blazars, superluminal sources and γ -ray sources 596
18.6 Low Ionisation Nuclear Emission Regions – LINERS 598
18.7 Ultra-Luminous Infrared Galaxies ULIRGs 598
18.8 X-ray surveys of active galaxies 600
18.9 Unification schemes for active galaxies 602
19 Black holes in the nuclei of galaxies 610
19.1 The properties of black holes 610
19.2 Elementary considerations 611
19.3 Dynamical evidence for supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei 613
19.4 The Soltan argument 623
19.5 Black holes and spheroid masses 625
19.6 X-ray observations of fluorescence lines in active galactic nuclei 626
19.7 The growth of black holes in the nuclei of galaxies 633
20 The vicinity of the black hole 637
20.1 The prime ingredients of active galactic nuclei 637
20.2 The continuum spectrum 637
20.3 The emission line regions – the overall picture 640
20.4 The narrow-line regions – the example of Cygnus A 641
20.5 The broad-line regions and reverberation mapping 646
xii Contents
20.6 The alignment effect and shock excitation of emission line regions 653
20.7 Accretion discs about supermassive black holes 656
21 Extragalactic radio sources 661
21.1 Extended radio sources – Fanaroff–Riley types 661
21.2 The astrophysics of FR2 radio sources 666
21.3 The FR1 radio sources 675
21.4 The microquasars 676
21.5 Jet physics 678
22 Compact extragalactic sources and superluminalmotions 681
22.1 Compact radio sources 681
22.2 Superluminal motions 683
22.3 Relativistic beaming 686
22.4 The superluminal source population 693
22.5 Synchro-Compton radiation and the inverse
Compton catastrophe 697
22.6 γ -ray sources in active galactic nuclei 699
22.7 γ -ray bursts 704
23 Cosmological aspects of high energy astrophysics 714
23.1 The cosmic evolution of galaxies and active galaxies 714
23.2 The essential theoretical tools 715
23.3 The evolution of non-thermal sources with cosmic epoch 720
23.4 The evolution of thermal sources with cosmic epoch 729
23.5 Mid- and far-infrared number counts 737
23.6 Submillimetre number counts 740
23.7 The global star-formation rate 743
23.8 The old red galaxies 746
23.9 Putting it all together 749
Appendix Astronomical conventions and nomenclature 753
A.1 Galactic coordinates and projections of the
celestial sphere onto a plane 753
A.2 Distances in astronomy 755
A.3 Masses in astronomy 759
A.4 Flux densities, luminosities, magnitudes and colours 760
A.5 Diffraction-limited telescopes 764
A.6 Interferometry and synthesis imaging 771
A.7 The sensitivities of astronomical detectors 774
A.8 Units and relativistic notation 779
Bibliography 783
Name index 825
Object index 829
Index 831

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2015-01-28 19:19:17, 17.07 M