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剑桥2012年英文原版Using.SI.Units.in.Astronomy
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A multitude of measurement units exist within astronomy, some of which are unique to the subject, causing discrepancies that are particularly apparent when astronomers collaborate with other disciplines in science and engineering. The International System of Units (SI) is based on a set of seven fundamental units from which other units may be derived. However, many astronomers are reluctant to drop their old and familiar systems. This handbook demonstrates the ease with which transformations from old units to SI units may be made. Using worked examples, the author argues that astronomers would benefit greatly if the reporting of astronomical research and the sharing of data were standardized to SI units. Each chapter reviews a different SI base unit, clarifying the connection between these units and those currently favoured by astronomers. This is an essential reference for all researchers in astronomy and astrophysics, and will also appeal to advanced students. richard dodd has spent much of his astronomical career in New Zealand, including serving as Director of Carter Observatory, Wellington, and as an Honorary Lecturer in Physics at Victoria University of Wellington. Dr Dodd is Past President of the Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand. 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Using SI units in astronomy 1 1.2 Layout and structure of the book 2 1.3 Definitions of terms (lexicological, mathematical and statistical) 3 1.4 A brief history of the standardization of units in general 7 1.5 A brief history of the standardization of scientific units 8 1.6 The future of SI units 11 1.7 Summary and recommendations 11 2 An introduction to SI units 12 2.1 The set of SI base units 12 2.2 The set of SI derived units 12 2.3 Non-SI units currently accepted for use with SI units 13 2.4 Other non-SI units 14 2.5 Prefixes to SI units 14 2.6 IAU recommendations regarding SI units 20 2.7 Summary and recommendations 23 3 Dimensional analysis 24 3.1 Definition of dimensional analysis 24 3.2 Dimensional equations 25 3.3 Summary and recommendations 29 4 Unit of angular measure (radian) 30 4.1 SI definition of the radian 30 4.2 Commonly used non-SI units of angular measure 30 v vi Contents 4.3 Spherical astronomy 36 4.4 Angular distances and diameters 46 4.5 Steradian 48 4.6 Summary and recommendations 53 5 Unit of time (second) 54 5.1 SI definition of the second 54 5.2 Definition of time 54 5.3 Systems of time or time scales 54 5.4 The hertz: unit of frequency 60 5.5 Angular motion 60 5.6 The determination of the ages of celestial bodies 66 5.7 Summary and recommendations 70 6 Unit of length (metre) 72 6.1 SI definition of the metre 72 6.2 Linear astronomical distances and diameters 72 6.3 Linear motion 83 6.4 Acceleration 88 6.5 Area 89 6.6 Volume 89 6.7 Summary and recommendations 91 7 Unit of mass (kilogram) 92 7.1 SI definition of the kilogram 92 7.2 The constant of gravitation 94 7.3 Masses of astronomical bodies 97 7.4 Density 106 7.5 Force 108 7.6 Moments of inertia and angular momentum 109 7.7 Summary and recommendations 111 8 Unit of luminous intensity (candela) 113 8.1 SI definition of the candela 113 8.2 Radiometry and photometry 113 8.3 Magnitudes 137 8.4 Summary and recommendations 142 9 Unit of thermodynamic temperature (kelvin) 146 9.1 SI definition of the kelvin 146 9.2 Temperature scales 147 9.3 Some examples of the temperatures of astronomical objects 149 Contents vii 9.4 Blackbody radiation 151 9.5 Spectral classification as a temperature sequence 154 9.6 Model stellar atmospheres 165 9.7 Summary and recommendations 172 10 Unit of electric current (ampere) 174 10.1 SI definition of the ampere 174 10.2 SI and non-SI electrical and magnetic unit relationships 175 10.3 Magnetic fields in astronomy 183 10.4 Electric fields in astronomy 194 10.5 Summary and recommendations 195 11 Unit of amount of substance (mole) 197 11.1 SI definition of the mole 197 11.2 Avogadro’s constant and atomic masses 197 11.3 Astrochemistry and cosmochemistry 202 11.4 Summary and recommendations 204 12 Astronomical taxonomy 206 12.1 Definition of taxonomy 206 12.2 Classification in astronomy 206 12.3 Classification of stellar objects 207 12.4 Classification of Solar System objects 215 12.5 Astronomical databases and virtual observatories 216 12.6 Summary and recommendations 218 References 219 Index |
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