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剑桥2010年英文原版An Introduction to Atmospheric Physics, 2nd Edition
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1 Introduction 1 1.1 The atmosphere as a physical system 1 1.2 Atmospheric models 3 1.3 Two simple atmospheric models 4 1.4 Some atmospheric observations 7 1.5 Weather and climate 17 Further reading 18 2 Atmospheric thermodynamics 19 2.1 The ideal gas law 19 2.2 Atmospheric composition 20 2.3 Hydrostatic balance 22 2.4 Entropy and potential temperature 24 2.5 Parcel concepts 26 2.6 The available potential energy 30 2.7 Moisture in the atmosphere 32 2.8 The saturated adiabatic lapse rate 37 2.9 The tephigram 40 2.10 Cloud formation 42 Further reading 48 Problems 48 3 Atmospheric radiation 52 3.1 Basic physical concepts 52 3.2 The radiative-transfer equation 57 3.3 Basic spectroscopy of molecules 63 3.4 Transmittance 69 3.5 Absorption by atmospheric gases 71 3.6 Heating rates 75 3.7 The greenhouse effect revisited 81 3.8 A simple model of scattering 86 Further reading 88 Problems 89 vi Contents 4 Basic fluid dynamics 94 4.1 Mass conservation 94 4.2 The material derivative 95 4.3 An alternative form of the continuity equation 98 4.4 The equation of state for the atmosphere 99 4.5 The Navier–Stokes equation 99 4.6 Rotating frames of reference 102 4.7 Equations of motion in coordinate form 104 4.8 Geostrophic and hydrostatic approximations 107 4.9 Pressure coordinates and geopotential 111 4.10 The thermodynamic energy equation 113 Further reading 114 Problems 114 5 Further atmospheric fluid dynamics 119 5.1 Vorticity and potential vorticity 119 5.2 The Boussinesq approximation 122 5.3 Quasi-geostrophic motion 125 5.4 Gravity waves 128 5.5 Rossby waves 132 5.6 Boundary layers 136 5.7 Instability 141 Further reading 147 Problems 147 6 Stratospheric chemistry 151 6.1 Thermodynamics of chemical reactions 151 6.2 Chemical kinetics 153 6.3 Bimolecular reactions 155 6.4 Photo-dissociation 157 6.5 Stratospheric ozone 158 6.6 The transport of chemicals 161 6.7 The Antarctic ozone hole 164 Further reading 168 Problems 168 7 Atmospheric remote sounding 171 7.1 Atmospheric observations 171 7.2 Atmospheric remote sounding from space 172 7.3 Atmospheric remote sounding from the ground 182 Further reading 189 Problems 190 vii Contents 8 Climate change 195 8.1 Introduction 195 8.2 An energy balance model 198 8.3 Some solutions of the linearised energy balance model 200 8.4 Climate feedbacks 204 8.5 The radiative forcing due to an increase in carbon dioxide 207 Further reading 211 Problems 212 9 Atmospheric modelling 215 9.1 The hierarchy of models 215 9.2 Numerical methods 217 9.3 Uses of complex numerical models 219 9.4 Laboratory models 220 9.5 Final remarks 222 Further reading 224 Appendix A Useful physical constants 225 Appendix B Derivation of the equations of motion in spherical coordinates 227 References 229 Index 234 |
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