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[×ÊÔ´] Surface Phenomena in Fusion Welding Processes

Surface Phenomena in Fusion Welding Processes
German Deyev
Dmitriy Deyev
Published in 2006 by CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group
Chapter 1 Characterization of the Fusion Welding Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Some Features of Fusion Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 The Basics of Weld Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 The Influence of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 The Influence of Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Welding Heat Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 The D.C. vs. A.C. Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 Electron Beam Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.3 Laser Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Fusion Welding Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.1 Electric Arc Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.1.1 Gas Shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.2 Electroslag Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.3 Electron Beam and Laser Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4 Physicochemical Processes of Welded Joint Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.1 Direct Interaction of The Metal and The Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4.1.1 Theoretical Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4.1.2 The Drawback of the Theoretical Models . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.4.2 Influence of Surfactants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4.3 The Gas-Adsorption Ability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4.4 The Influence of Vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4.5 The Influence of Fluxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.4.6 The Role of the Slag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4.7 The Physiochemical Processes at the Solid¨CMolten
Metal Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.4.7.1 The Nucleation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.4.7.2 Melt Overcooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.4.7.3 Presence of Refractory Impurities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.4.7.4 Shape of the Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.4.7.5 Effect of Metal Stirring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.4.8 Calculation of ssol21 Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4.9 The Crystallization Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.4.9.1 Electromagnetic Stirring and Ultrasonic
Oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 2 Surface Properties and Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.1 Surface Properties and Phenomena on the Boundaries of
Contacting Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.1.1 The Concept of Surface Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.1.2 Surface Energy vs. Surface Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.1.3 Interphase Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.1.4 The Adsorption Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.1.5 The Electrochemical Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.2 Determination of Surface Properties of Melts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.2.1 Pendant Drop Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.2.2 Drop Weight Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.2.3 Sessile Drop Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.2.4 Method of Maximum Pressure in the Bubble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.2.5 Large Drop Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.2.6 Method of Metal Melting in the Pendant State . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.2.7 Method to Determine the Surface Tension of a Metal in
the Zone of the Arc Active Spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.3 Methods of Measurement of the Surface Tension of Solids Metals . . . 51
2.3.1 Method of Multiphase Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.3.2 Method of ¡°Zero Creep¡± . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.3.3 Method of Groove Smoothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.3.4 Method of Autoelectronic Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.3.5 Method of Thermal Etching of Grain Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.4 Methods to Determine the Surface Energy of the Interphases . . . . . . . 56
2.4.1 The Sessile Drop Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.4.2 The Drop Weighing Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.4.3 Turned Capillary Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.4.4 Drops Contact Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.4.5 X-ray Photography of a Sessile Drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.5 Wettability, Spreading, and Electrocapillary Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.5.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.5.2 A Modern Unit for Studying the Welding Phenomena . . . . . . . 59
2.5.3 Studying the Electrocapillary Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.5.4 A Comparison of the Different Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Chapter 3 Results of Studying the Surface Properties
and Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.1 Surface Tension of Molten and Solid Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.1.1 Influence of Alloy Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.1.2 The Influence of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.1.2.1 Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.1.2.2 The Behavior of CO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.1.2.3 The Behavior of CO2/Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.1.2.4 The Behavior of Binary Gas Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
...
9.3 Welding and Surfacing of Copper¨CSteel Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
9.3.1 Copper¨CSteel Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
9.3.1.1 Crack Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
9.3.2 Wetting and Spreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
9.3.2.1 Important Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
9.3.2.2 Deflection of Electron Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
9.4 Manufacture of Metal Cutting Tools with a Deposited
Cutting Edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
9.4.1 Hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
9.4.2 Cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
9.4.3 Ductility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
9.5 The Role of Surface Phenomena in the Submerged-Arc Welding
and Surfacing Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
9.5.1 Method of Increasing the Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
9.5.2 Slag Adhesion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
9.6 Surface Phenomena Occurring in Welding and Surfacing
in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
9.6.1 Major Comparisons with Earth Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
9.6.2 The Force of Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
9.6.3 Microgravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
9.6.4 The Question of Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
9.6.5 Growth of Gas Bubbles and Non-Metallic Inclusions . . . . . . . . 353
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387Surface Phenomena in Fusion Welding Processes
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