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Steels Microstructure and Properties
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Steels Microstructure and Properties Third edition H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia Professor of Physical Metallurgy University of Cambridge and Adjunct Professor of Computational Metallurgy Graduate lnstitute of Ferrous Technology, POSTECH and Sir Robert Honeycombe Emeritus Goldsmiths’ Professor of Metallurgy University of Cambridge AMSTERDAM Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP,UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington,MA 01803, USA First edition 1981 Second edition 1995 Reprinted 1976, 2000 Transferred to digital printing 2003 Third edition 2006 Copyright © 2006, R.W. K. Honeycombe and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved Preface to the first edition ix Preface to the second edition x Preface to the third edition xi 1 Iron and its interstitial solid solutions 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The allotropes of pure iron 2 1.3 The phase transformation: α- and γ-iron 4 1.4 Carbon and nitrogen in solution in α- and γ-iron 8 1.5 Some practical aspects 15 Further reading 16 2 The strengthening of iron and its alloys 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Work hardening 18 2.3 Solid solution strengthening by interstitials 20 2.4 Substitutional solid solution strengthening of iron 27 2.5 Grain size 27 2.6 Dispersion strengthening 32 2.7 An overall view 33 2.8 Some practical aspects 34 2.9 Limits to strength 35 Further reading 38 3 The iron–carbon equilibrium diagram and plain carbon steels 39 3.1 The iron–carbon equilibrium diagram 39 3.2 The austenite–ferrite transformation 42 3.3 The austenite–cementite transformation 44 3.4 The kinetics of the γ → α transformation 45 3.5 The austenite–pearlite reaction 53 3.6 Ferrite–pearlite steels 67 Further reading 69 4 The effects of alloying elements on iron–carbon alloys 71 4.1 The γ- and α-phase fields 71 4.2 The distribution of alloying elements in steels 4.3 The effect of alloying elements on the kinetics of the γ/α transformation 77 4.4 Structural changes resulting from alloying additions 84 4.5 Transformation diagrams for alloy steels 91 Further reading 92 5 Formation of martensite 95 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 General characteristics 95 5.3 The crystal structure of martensite 100 5.4 The crystallography of martensitic transformations 103 5.5 The morphology of ferrous martensites 106 5.6 Kinetics of transformation to martensite 112 5.7 The strength of martensite 120 5.8 Shape memory effect 126 Further reading 127 6 The bainite reaction 129 6.1 Introduction 129 6.2 Upper bainite (temperature range 550–400◦C) 129 6.3 Lower bainite (temperature range 400–250◦C) 132 6.4 The shape change 135 6.5 Carbon in bainite 135 6.6 Kinetics 139 6.7 The transition from upper to lower bainite 143 6.8 Granular bainite 144 6.9 Tempering of bainite 145 6.10 Role of alloying elements 146 6.11 Use of bainitic steels 147 6.12 Nanostructured bainite 152 Further reading 154 7 Acicular ferrite 155 7.1 Introduction 155 7.2 Microstructure 155 7.3 Mechanism of transformation 157 7.4 The inclusions as heterogeneous nucleation sites 161 7.5 Nucleation of acicular ferrite 162 7.6 Summary 164 Further reading 164 8 The heat treatment of steels: hardenability 167 8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 Use of TTT and continuous cooling diagrams 168 8.3 Hardenability testing 170 8.4 Effect of grain size and chemical composition on hardenability 176 8.5 Hardenability and heat treatment 177 8.6 Quenching stresses and quench cracking 179 Further reading 181 9 The tempering of martensite 183 9.1 Introduction 183 9.2 Tempering of plain carbon steels 184 9.3 Mechanical properties of tempered plain carbon steels 190 9.4 Tempering of alloy steels 191 9.5 Maraging steels 207 Further reading 207 10 Thermomechanical treatment of steels 209 10.1 Introduction 209 10.2 Controlled rolling of low-alloy steels 210 10.3 Dual-phase steels 220 10.4 TRIP-assisted steels 223 10.5 TWIP steels 229 10.6 Industrial steels subjected to thermomechanical treatments 231 Further reading 233 11 The embrittlement and fracture of steels 235 11.1 Introduction 235 11.2 Cleavage fracture in iron and steel 235 11.3 Factors influencing the onset of cleavage fracture 237 11.4 Criterion for the ductile/brittle transition 240 11.5 Practical aspects of brittle fracture 243 11.6 Ductile or fibrous fracture 245 11.7 Intergranular embrittlement 252 Further reading 258 12 Stainless steel 259 12.1 Introduction 259 12.2 The iron–chromium–nickel system 259 12.3 Chromium carbide in Cr–Ni austenitic steels 264 12.4 Precipitation of niobium and titanium carbides 267 12.5 Nitrides in austenitic steels 270 12.6 Intermetallic precipitation in austenite 270 12.7 Austenitic steels in practical applications 273 12.8 Duplex and ferritic stainless steels 274 12.9 Mechanically alloyed stainless steels 278 12.10 The transformation of metastable austenite 281 Further reading 286 13 Weld microstructures 287 13.1 Introduction 287 13.2 The fusion zone 287 13.3 The HAZ 298 Further reading 306 14 Modelling of microstructure and properties 307 14.1 Introduction 307 14.2 Example 1: alloy design – high-strength bainitic steel 309 14.3 Example 2: mechanical properties of mixed microstructures 315 14.4 Methods 321 14.5 Kinetics 326 14.6 Finite element method 329 14.7 Neural networks 330 14.8 Defining characteristics of models 333 Further reading 334 Index 335  截图00.png |
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