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2014牛津大学出版新书：材料的电学特性（Electrical Properties of Materials）
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Electrical Properties of Materials Author(s): Solymar, Laszlo; Walsh, Donald; Syms, Richard R. A. Publisher: Oxford University Press Year: 2014 Language: English Pages: 501 The major change relative to all of the previous editions is that Professor Richard Syms of Imperial College has joined us as an author. There are new topics added and old topics updated, but the style remains as light as ever. Topics that needed considerable updating are semiconductor technology, semiconductor devices, nanoelectronics, plasma etching, ferroelectric materials, and spintronics. We have been aware of many physical phenomena of interest, which we have failed to include in the past because, in our opinion at the time, their application prospects were not strong enough. Some of these have now come to the fore and we have included them; they are dielectrophoresis, Raman spectroscopy, thermoelectricity, and pyroelectricity. We believe that one of the most important applications of the electrical properties of materials is in the field of memory elements. We have previously described these in the respective chapters, e.g. semiconductor memories in the chapter on semiconductor devices and magnetic memories in the chapter on magnetism. We felt that this time, in order to emphasise their similarities and differences, we needed to collect them into a separate chapter, which has turned out to be an appendix. We have also added another appendix describing the two major directions in medical imaging: computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We have to express here our gratitude to our wives who were willing to put up with the long hours we spent bringing this edition up to date. 目录： 1 The electron as a particle 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The effect of an electric field—conductivity and Ohm’s law 2 1.3 The hydrodynamic model of electron flow 4 1.4 The Hall effect 5 1.5 Electromagnetic waves in solids 6 1.6 Waves in the presence of an applied magnetic field: cyclotron resonance 13 1.7 Plasma waves 16 1.8 Johnson noise 19 1.9 Heat 21 Exercises 23 2 The electron as a wave 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 The electron microscope 28 2.3 Some properties of waves 29 2.4 Applications to electrons 31 2.5 Two analogies 33 Exercises 34 3 The electron 3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 Schrödinger’s equation 38 3.3 Solutions of Schrödinger’s equation 39 3.4 The electron as a wave 40 3.5 The electron as a particle 41 3.6 The electron meeting a potential barrier 41 3.7 Two analogies 44 3.8 The electron in a potential well 45 3.9 The potential well with a rigid wall 47 3.10 The uncertainty relationship 47 3.11 Philosophical implications 48 Exercises 50 4 The hydrogen atom and the periodic table 4.1 The hydrogen atom 53 4.2 Quantum numbers 58 4.3 Electron spin and Pauli’s exclusion principle 59 4.4 The periodic table 59 Exercises 64 5 Bonds 5.1 Introduction 66 5.2 General mechanical properties of bonds 67 5.3 Bond types 69 5.3.1 Ionic bonds 69 5.3.2 Metallic bonds 70 5.3.3 The covalent bond 70 5.3.4 The van der Waals bond 73 5.3.5 Mixed bonds 74 5.3.6 Carbon again 74 5.4 Feynman’s coupled mode approach 75 5.5 Nuclear forces 80 5.6 The hydrogen molecule 81 5.7 An analogy 82 Exercises 82 6 The free electron theory of metals 6.1 Free electrons 84 6.2 The density of states and the Fermi–Dirac distribution 85 6.3 The specific heat of electrons 88 6.4 The work function 89 6.5 Thermionic emission 89 6.6 The Schottky effect 92 6.7 Field emission 95 6.8 The field-emission microscope 95 6.9 The photoelectric effect 97 6.10 Quartz–halogen lamps 97 6.11 The junction between two metals 98 Exercises 99 7 The band theory of solids 7.1 Introduction 101 7.2 The Kronig–Penney model 102 7.3 The Ziman model 106 7.4 The Feynman model 109 11 Magnetic materials 11.1 Introduction 259 11.2 Macroscopic approach 260 11.3 Microscopic theory (phenomenological) 260 11.4 Domains and the hysteresis curve 264 11.5 Soft magnetic materials 268 11.6 Hard magnetic materials (permanent magnets) 270 11.7 Microscopic theory (quantum-mechanical) 273 11.7.1 The Stern–Gerlach experiment 278 11.7.2 Paramagnetism 278 11.7.3 Paramagnetic solids 280 11.7.4 Antiferromagnetism 281 11.7.5 Ferromagnetism 281 11.7.6 Ferrimagnetism 282 11.7.7 Garnets 282 11.7.8 Helimagnetism 282 11.8 Magnetic resonance 282 11.8.1 Paramagnetic resonance 282 11.8.2 Electron spin resonance 283 11.8.3 Ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic resonance 283 11.8.4 Nuclear magnetic resonance 283 11.8.5 Cyclotron resonance 284 11.9 The quantum Hall effect 284 11.10 Magnetoresistance 286 11.11 Spintronics 287 11.11.1 Spin current 287 11.11.2 Spin tunnelling 289 11.11.3 Spin waves and magnons 290 11.11.4 Spin Hall effect and its inverse 290 11.11.5 Spin and light 290 11.11.6 Spin transfer torque 291 11.12 Some applications 291 11.12.1 Isolators 291 11.12.2 Sensors 292 11.12.3 Magnetic read-heads 292 11.12.4 Electric motors 293 Exercises 293 12 Lasers 12.1 Equilibrium 295 12.2 Two-state systems 295 12.3 Lineshape function 299 12.4 Absorption and amplification 301 12.5 Resonators and conditions of oscillation 301 12.6 Some practical laser systems 302 12.6.1 Solid state lasers 303 12.6.2 The gaseous discharge laser 304 12.6.3 Dye lasers 305 12.6.4 Gas-dynamic lasers 306 12.6.5 Excimer lasers 307 12.6.6 Chemical lasers 307 |
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