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Electrochemical Glucose Sensors and Their Applications in Diabetes Management


Adam Heller*,† and Ben Feldman‡

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Abbott Diabetes Care, 1360 South Loop Road,
Alameda, California 94502

Received September 17, 2007
Contents
1. Scope B
1.1. Coverage B
1.2. Exclusion of Studies on Glucose Electrooxidizing
Anodes of Cardiac Assist Devices, Pacemakers,
Waste-Utilizing Electrical Power Generators, and
Bioelectronic Devices
B
2. Roots and Fundamentals C
2.1. Direct, Nonenzymatic, Electrooxidation and
Electroreduction of Glucose
C
2.2. The Enzymes of Glucose Electrooxidizing Anodes C
2.3. Enzyme-Catalyzed O2-Oxidation of Glucose C
2.4. Enzyme-Catalyzed Redox Couple-Mediated
Electrooxidation of Glucose
D
2.4.1. Organic Mediators D
2.4.2. Inorganic Mediators D
2.4.3. Metal-Organic Mediators E
2.5. Electrical Wiring of GOx by Electron-Conducting
Redox Hydrogels
E
2.5.1. Mechanism of Electron-Conduction in Redox
Hydrogels
E
2.5.2. Mechanism of Direct Glucose Electrooxidation F
2.5.3. Organic and Metal-Organic Redox Centers
in Electron-Conducting Hydrogels
F
2.5.4. Mechanical Properties: Balancing the Strength
against the Electronic Conductivity
F
2.5.5. Electrodeposition of Glucose Electrooxidation-
Catalyzing Electron-Conducting Hydrogels by
Ligand Exchange
F
2.5.6. Redox Potentials of the Electron Conducting
Hydrogels
G
2.5.7. Charge of the Polymer Backbones of the
Electron Conducting Hydrogels
G
2.5.8. Applications of Glucose Oxidation
Electrocatalysts Based on Electron Conducting
Redox Hydrogels
G
2.6. Metal-Particle GOx-Plug Relay Based
Glucose-Electrooxidation Catalysts
G
3. Electrochemical Monitoring of the Glucose
Concentration by Its GOx-Catalyzed O2-Oxidation
H
3.1. O2-Depletion Monitoring upon GOx-Catalyzed
O2-Oxidation of Glucose
H
3.2. Electrooxidation of the H2O2 Produced upon
Enzyme-Catalyzed O2-Oxidation of Glucose
H
3.3. Electroreduction of H2O2 Produced upon Enzyme
Catalyzed O2-Oxidation of Glucose
H
3.3.1. Peroxidase-Catalyzed H2O2 Electroreduction H
3.4. Monitoring the Drop in pH upon Enzyme
Catalyzed O2-Oxidation of Glucose with Field
Effect Transistors
H
4. Central Laboratory and Desktop Glucose-Analyzers I
4.1. The First Central Laboratory Glucose-Analyzers I
4.2. Contemporary Central Laboratory Electrochemical
Glucose Analyzers
I
4.3. Hand-Held Electrochemical Glucose-
Analyzers for Hospital Wards, Emergency Rooms,
and Physician¡¯s Offices
I
5. Home Blood-Glucose Monitors Used by
Self-Monitoring Diabetic People
J
5.1. The Need for Glucose Monitoring in Diabetes
Management
J
5.2. Roots of the Electrochemical Glucose Assays
Performed by Self-Monitoring Diabetic People
J
5.3. Gradual Shift from Photonic to Electrochemical
Monitoring of Blood-Glucose by Self-Monitoring
Diabetic People
J
5.4. Practical Considerations in Home Glucose
Test Strip Design
K
5.4.1. Plastic Substrates for Home Glucose
Test-Strips
L
5.4.2. Working Electrodes for Home Glucose
Test-Strips
L
5.4.3. Counter/Reference Electrodes for Home
Glucose Test-Strips
L
5.4.4. Capillary Chamber for Home Glucose Test-Strips L
5.4.5. Reagents for Home Glucose Test-Strips M
5.4.6. Fill Detection in Home Glucose Test-Strips M
5.5. Calibration and Characterization of Home
Blood-Glucose Test-Strips
M
5.5.1. Calibration of Home Blood-Glucose Test-Strips M
5.5.2. Linearity and Coefficient of Variation (CV) of
Home Blood-Glucose Test-Strips
M
5.5.3. Hematocrit Dependence of Home
Blood-Glucose Test-Strips
N
5.5.4. Electrochemical Interferents in Home
Blood-Glucose Test-Strips
N
5.5.5. Additional Testing of Home Blood-Glucose
Test-Strips
N
5.6. Variables Affecting the Outcome of the Glucose
Assays Performed by Self-Monitoring Diabetic
People
N
6. Diabetes Management Based on Frequent or
Continuous Amperometric Monitoring of Glucose
O

6.1. Bedside Glucose-Monitors Measuring the
Blood-Glucose Concentration in a By-Stream of
Venous Blood
O
6.2. Surgeon-Implanted Long-Term Glucose Monitors O
6.3. Systems with Subcutaneous Ultrafiltration and
Microdialysis Fibers and Externally-Worn Sensors
O
6.4. Reverse-Iontophoretic Systems P
6.5. Subcutaneously Inserted User-Replaced Miniature
Amperometric Sensors
P
6.5.1. Subcutaneously Inserted User-Replaced
Miniature Sensors Based on GOx Catalyzed
Generation of H2O2 and Its Electrooxidation
P
6.5.2. Implanted Amperometric Glucose Sensors
Built on the Wiring of Glucose Oxidase
Q
6.5.3. Flux-Limiting Membranes for Transcutaneous
Amperometric Sensors
Q
6.5.4. Calibration of Transcutaneous Amperometric
Sensors
Q
6.5.5. The Relationship between the Glucose
Concentrations in Blood and in the
Subcutaneous Interstitial Fluid
R
6.6. Research Aimed at Integrating a Miniature
Power-Source in a 5-Day Patient-Replaced
Subcutaneously Implanted Glycemic Status
Monitoring and Transmitting Package
S
6.6.1. The Potentially Implantable Miniature Zn/AgCl
Cell
S
6.6.2. The Potentially Implantable Miniature Zn-O2
Cell
S
6.6.3. The Potentially Implantable Miniature
Glucose-O2 Biofuel Cell
S
7. Concluding Remarks T
8. Acknowledgments T
9. References T
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This review is very useful. thanks a lot.
4Â¥2008-05-28 09:44:55
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