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[资源] 高分子变形物理及其断裂（英文版）

The Physics of Deformation and Fracture of Polymers
高分子变形物理及其断裂（英文版）
Demonstrating through examples, this book presents a mechanism-based perspective on the broad range of deformation and fracture response of solid polymers. It draws on the results of probing experiments and considers the similar mechanical responses of amorphous metals and inorganic compounds to develop advanced methodology for generating more precise forms of modelling. This, in turn, provides a better fundamental understanding of deformation and fracture phenomena in solid polymers. Such mechanism-based constitutive response forms have far-reaching application potential in the prediction of structural responses and in tailoring special microstructures for tough behaviour. Moreover, they can guide the development of computational codes for deformation processing of polymers at any level. Applications are wide-ranging, from large strain industrial deformation texturing to production of precision micro-fluidic devices, making this book of interest to both advanced graduate students and to practising professionals.
Table of contents :
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 17
Symbols......Page 20
Frequently used abbreviations......Page 24
1.1 Overview......Page 25
1.3 Atomic packing in disordered metallic solids......Page 27
1.4.1 The atomic site stress tensor......Page 31
1.4.2 Calorimetry......Page 33
1.5 Free volume......Page 34
1.6 Viscosity of glass-forming liquids......Page 38
1.7.1 A computational model......Page 40
1.7.2 Kinetic models of structural relaxations in metallic glasses......Page 44
1.8 The distributed character of structural relaxations and the glass transition......Page 45
1.9 The dependence of the glass-transition temperature on cooling rate......Page 49
1.10 Crystallization in bulk metallic glasses......Page 50
1.11 Deformation-induced alterations of atomic structure in sub-cooled liquids and glasses......Page 51
1.13 The structure of amorphous silicon......Page 54
1.14 Characterization of the structure of amorphous silicon......Page 56
Suggested further reading on structure of non-polymeric glasses......Page 60
References......Page 61
2.1 Overview......Page 64
2.2 Structure of polymers......Page 65
2.3 Molecular architecture......Page 70
2.4 Molecular weight......Page 71
2.5.2 Chemically specific molecular-structure models of amorphous polymers......Page 73
2.5.3 Chemically non-specific models of amorphous polymer structure......Page 77
2.6.1 The fringed-micelle model of semi-crystalline polymers......Page 78
2.6.2 Spherulites......Page 79
2.6.4 Polymer single crystals......Page 82
2.6.5 Crystallization from the melt and growth of spherulites......Page 85
2.7.1 Overview......Page 90
Chain folds......Page 91
Dispirations......Page 92
2.8 Chain-extended polymers......Page 95
Suggested further reading on structure of solid polymers......Page 96
References......Page 97
3.2.1 Stresses......Page 101
3.2.2 Strains......Page 102
3.3 Linear elasticity of polymers......Page 105
3.4.1 Generalized yield conditions......Page 107
3.4.2 The associated-flow rule......Page 109
3.5 Thermally activated deformation......Page 111
References......Page 113
4.1 Overview......Page 114
4.2.1 The generalized Hookes law......Page 115
4.2.5 Isotropic materials......Page 117
4.2.6 Temperature and strain dependence of elastic response......Page 119
4.3.1 Glassy polymers......Page 120
4.3.2 Crystalline polymers......Page 121
4.4 Elastic response of textured anisotropic polymers......Page 126
4.5.1 Methods of estimating the elastic properties of heterogeneous polymers......Page 128
4.5.2 The self-consistent method......Page 129
4.5.3 The Eshelby inclusion method......Page 130
References......Page 133
5.2.1 Uniaxial creep or stress-relaxation response......Page 136
5.2.2 Dynamic relaxation response......Page 140
5.2.3 Temperature dependence of viscoelastic relaxations......Page 142
5.3.1 The a-relaxation......Page 144
5.3.2 The free-volume model of the a-relaxation......Page 146
5.3.3 Dependence of the a-relaxation on the chemical structure of molecules......Page 150
5.3.4 Secondary relaxations in the glassy regime......Page 151
5.3.5 Effect of physical aging on the relaxation spectra of polymers......Page 154
5.3.6 Secondary relaxations in polycarbonate of bisphenol-A......Page 156
The method of simulation of beta-relaxations......Page 157
Results of beta-relaxation simulations......Page 160
5.4 Shear relaxations in partially crystalline polymers......Page 163
An example of viscoelastic response of a beam......Page 167
5.6 Non-linear viscoelasticity......Page 169
References......Page 170
6.1 Overview......Page 172
6.2.1 Distinctive features of rubbers......Page 173
6.3 Thermodynamics of rubbery behavior......Page 175
6.4 The Gaussian statistical model of rubber elasticity......Page 179
6.5.1 The freely jointed single chain......Page 183
6.5.2 Langevin networks......Page 185
6.5.3 Comparison of the Langevin-network model with experiments......Page 188
Uniaxial compression......Page 189
Plane-strain compression......Page 190
6.6.2 Uniaxial tension or compression......Page 191
6.6.4 Plane-strain tension and pure shear......Page 192
6.6.5 Simple shear......Page 193
6.6.6 Plane-strain compression flow in a channel die......Page 195
References......Page 196
7.1 Overview......Page 198
7.2 The mechanism of plasticity in non-polymeric glasses......Page 199
7.3 The kinematics of plasticity in glassy solids by shear transformations......Page 200
7.4.1 The elastic strain energy of a shear transformation in the unstressed solid......Page 203
7.4.2 The Gibbs free energy of nucleation of the shear transformation under stress......Page 204
7.4.3 Stages in the nucleation of the shear transformation......Page 205
7.5.1 Behavior at low temperatures (TTg)......Page 209
7.5.2 Temperature dependence of the yield stress (TTg)......Page 211
7.5.3 Analysis of the experimental results on yield behavior of metallic glasses at low temperatures......Page 212
7.5.4 Yielding in metallic glasses at temperatures close to Tg......Page 213
7.5.5 Changing kinetics of plasticity near Tg......Page 217
7.6.1 Features of large-strain plastic flow of glassy solids......Page 223
7.6.2 Plastic-flow-induced increase in the liquid-like material fraction, phi......Page 224
7.6.3 Plastic-strain-induced changes in structure and the kinetics of associated evolutions of phi......Page 227
7.6.4 Kinetics of large-strain plastic flow of glasses at T Tg......Page 229
7.6.5 Kinetics of large-strain plastic flow of glasses at T close to Tg......Page 231
The relation between simple shear and uniaxial tension or compression......Page 234
Comparison of the phenomenological kinetic model with experiments......Page 236
7.7 The strength-differential effect in disordered solids......Page 237
7.8.1 The phenomenology of shear localization in metallic glasses......Page 240
7.8.2 The mechanics of shear localization......Page 241
7.8.3 Temperature rises associated with shear localization......Page 244
7.8.4 The flow state......Page 245
Appendix. Plastic-flow-induced structural alterations: the relation between flow dilatations of free volume and liquid-like material......Page 246
References......Page 248
8.1 Overview......Page 252
8.2.1 Important provisos......Page 253
8.2.2 The phenomenology of plastic flow in glassy polymers......Page 254
8.3.1 Computer simulation of plastic flow......Page 258
8.3.2 Simulation results in polypropylene......Page 260
8.3.3 Simulation results in polycarbonate......Page 262
8.5.1 Temperature dependence of the plastic resistance......Page 267
8.5.2 The thermal activation parameters......Page 271
8.5.3 A kinetic model of flow of linear-chain glassy polymers......Page 272
8.6.1 Development of post-yield large-strain plastic flow......Page 273
8.6.2 A model for post-yield plastic flow of glassy polymers......Page 278
8.6.3 Stored energy and Bauschinger back strains......Page 282
8.6.4 The strength-differential effect and the multi-axial yield condition......Page 283
8.7 Strain hardening in glassy polymers......Page 286
8.8 Comparison of experiments and simulations on the yielding and large-strain plastic flow of glassy polymers......Page 288
References......Page 294
9.1 Overview......Page 297
9.2 Mechanisms of plastic deformation......Page 298
9.3.1 Methodology of deformation......Page 300
9.3.2 Plastic strain-induced alterations of spherulite morphology in Nylon-6 in uniaxial tension......Page 301
9.3.3 Large-strain plastic flow in HDPE in plane-strain compression......Page 304
9.3.4 Large-strain plastic flow in monoclinic Nylon-6 by plane-strain compression......Page 315
9.3.5 Measurement of critical resolved shear stresses in textured HDPE and Nylon-6 and their normal-stress dependence......Page 316
9.4 The kinetics of plastic flow in semi-crystalline polymers......Page 319
Mode A, nucleation of a monolithic straight screw-dislocation line from the edge of a lamella......Page 322
Mode C nucleation of an edge-dislocation half loop from the wide face of a lamella......Page 324
9.4.2 The strain-rate expression......Page 325
9.4.3 The dominant nucleation mode......Page 327
9.4.4 Activation volumes......Page 328
9.4.5 Temperature dependence of the plastic resistance......Page 331
9.5.2 Basic assumptions of the model......Page 333
The crystalline phase......Page 335
The amorphous phase......Page 337
9.5.5 Interaction law and solution procedure......Page 339
9.5.6 Parameter selection in the model......Page 340
9.5.7 Predicted results of the composite model and comparison with experiments......Page 341
References......Page 345
10.2 Deformation instabilities in extensional plastic flow of polymers......Page 349
10.3.1 Basic shear response......Page 350
10.3.2 Basic extensional response......Page 352
10.4 Stability of extensional plastic flow......Page 355
10.5.1 In the onset of necking......Page 357
10.5.2 In the post-necking behavior......Page 359
10.6 Plastic drawing of polymers......Page 360
References......Page 365
11.1 Overview......Page 366
11.2 The phenomenology of crazing in glassy homo-polymers......Page 367
11.3 Simulation of cavitation in a glassy polymer at the atomic level......Page 369
11.4.1 Experimental observations......Page 371
11.4.3 Tension-torsion experiments......Page 373
11.5 A craze-initiation model......Page 377
11.6 Comparison of the predictions of the craze-initiation model with experiments......Page 380
11.7.1 Craze stresses......Page 383
11.7.2 Craze microstructure......Page 388
11.7.3 Craze-growth experiments......Page 390
11.8 A craze-growth model......Page 392
11.9 Comparison of the craze-growth model with experiments......Page 398
11.10.1 Morphology of diblock copolymers......Page 400
11.10.2 Crazing experiments in PS/PB diblock copolymers......Page 402
11.10.3 A model of craze growth in a PS/PB diblock copolymer with spherical PB domains......Page 405
11.10.4 Comparison of the predictions of the craze-growth model in PS/PB diblock copolymers with experiments......Page 409
References......Page 411
12.2.1 Two complementary perspectives in crack mechanics......Page 415
12.2.2 Cracks in LEFM......Page 416
12.2.3 The energy-release rate GI in LEFM with crack extension......Page 420
12.3.1 Pervasiveness of plasticity at the crack tip......Page 422
Plane-strain and plane-stress plastic zones......Page 423
Cohesive-line-zone models of cracks in SSY......Page 426
12.3.3 Crack-tip fields with contained plasticity......Page 428
12.3.4 Crack fields in fully developed plasticity......Page 431
12.4 Stability of crack advance......Page 438
12.5 Intrinsic brittleness of polymers......Page 440
12.6 Brittle-to-ductile transitions in fracture......Page 442
12.7.2 The role of chain scission in polymer fracture......Page 443
12.7.4 Cohesive separation......Page 444
12.7.5 Fracture in glassy polymers involving crazing......Page 446
12.7.6 Molecular-scission-controlled fracture of oriented semi-crystalline polymers......Page 449
12.7.7 Fracture toughnesses of a selection of polymers......Page 452
12.8.1 Application of fracture mechanics to impact fracture......Page 453
12.8.2 Fracture of polymers at high strain rate......Page 455
Suggested further reading on fracture of polymers......Page 456
References......Page 457
13.1 Overview......Page 459
13.2 Strategies of toughening of polymers......Page 460
13.3 Different manifestations of toughness in polymers......Page 461
13.4 The generic fracture response of polymers in uniaxial tension......Page 462
13.5.1 Types of compliant composite particles......Page 464
13.5.2 Brittleness of glassy homo-polymers and alleviating it through craze plasticity......Page 467
13.5.3 The mechanism of toughening in particle-modified crazable glassy polymers......Page 469
13.5.4 Elasticity of compliant particles......Page 471
13.5.6 The role of compliant-particle size in toughening glassy polymers......Page 473
13.5.7 A model for the craze-flow stress of particle-toughened polystyrene......Page 476
13.5.8 Special HIPS blends prepared to evaluate the toughening model......Page 478
13.5.9 Comparison of the behavior of special HIPS blends with model predictions......Page 481
13.6.1 Different manifestations of toughening with diluents......Page 483
13.6.2 Factors affecting diluent toughening of PS......Page 486
13.6.3 A model of diluent-induced toughening of glassy polymers......Page 489
13.6.4 Comparison of the diluent-induced-toughening model with experiments......Page 496
13.7.1 Toughness of unmodified HDPE and polyamides of Nylon-6 and -66......Page 499
Polyamides......Page 501
High-density polyethylene......Page 509
13.8 Toughening of brittle thermosetting polymers......Page 516
References......Page 521
Author index......Page 525
Subject index......Page 531
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