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[资源] DEFECTS IN SOLIDS-[Richard J. D. Tilley]

DEFECTS IN SOLIDS-[Richard J. D. Tilley]-
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附件 1 : Defects_in_Solids.zip

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Preface xv
1. Point Defects 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Point and Electronic Defects in Crystalline Solids 4
1.3 Electronic Properties: Doped Silicon and Germanium as Examples 7
1.4 Optical Properties: F Centers and Ruby as Examples 10
1.5 Bulk Properties 12
1.5.1 Unit Cell Dimensions 13
1.5.2 Density 14
1.5.3 Volume 16
1.5.4 Young’s Modulus (the Elastic Modulus) 17
1.6 Thermoelectric Properties: The Seebeck Coefﬁcient as an Example 18
1.7 Point Defect Notation 20
1.8 Charges on Defects 21
1.8.1 Electrons and Electron Holes 21
1.8.2 Atomic and Ionic Defects 22
1.9 Balanced Populations of Point Defects: Schottky and Frenkel Defects 25
1.9.1 Schottky Defects 25
1.9.2 Frenkel Defects 27
1.10 Antisite Defects 28
1.11 Defect Formation and Reaction Equations 31
1.11.1 Addition and Subtraction of Atoms 31
1.11.2 Equation Formalism 31
1.11.3 Formation of Antisite Defects 33
1.11.4 Nickel Oxide 33
1.11.5 Cadmium Oxide 35
1.11.6 Calcia-stabilized Zirconia 36
1.11.7 Ternary Oxides 37
1.12 Combinations of Point Defects in Pure Materials 38
1.13 Structural Consequences of Point Defect Populations 39
1.14 Answers to Introductory Questions 40
Problems and Exercises 41
References 44
Further Reading 44
2. Intrinsic Point Defects in Stoichiometric Compounds 45
2.1 Equilibrium Population of Vacancies in a Monatomic Crystal 45
2.2 Equilibrium Population of Self-Interstitials in a Monatomic Crystal 50
2.3 Equilibrium Population of Schot tky Defects in a Crystal 52
2.4 Lithium Iodide Battery 54
2.5 Equilibrium Population of Frenkel Defects in a Crystal 56
2.6 Photographic Film 58
2.7 Photochromic Glasses 62
2.8 Equilibrium Population of Antisite Defects in a Crystal 64
2.9 Intrinsic Defects: Trends and Further Considerations 65
2.10 Computation of Defect Energies 66
2.10.1 Defect Calculations 66
2.10.2 Point Defect Interactions 68
2.10.3 Atomistic Simulation 70
2.10.4 The Shell Model 72
2.10.5 Defect Formation Energy 75
2.10.6 Quantum Mechanical Calculations 76
2.11 Answers to Introductory Questions 77
Problems and Exercises 78
References 81
Further Reading 81
3. Extended Defects 83
3.1 Dislocations 83
3.2 Edge Dislocations 85
3.3 Screw Dislocations 90
3.4 Mixed Dislocations 93
3.5 Unit and Partial Dislocations 94
3.6 Multiplication of Dislocations 99
3.7 Interaction of Dislocations and Point Defects 99
3.7.1 Dislocation Loops 99
3.7.2 Dislocation Climb 102
3.7.3 Decoration of Dislocations 103
3.8 Dislocations in Nonmetallic Crystals 103
3.9 Internal Boundaries 107
3.10 Low-Angle Grain Boundaries 108
3.11 Twin Boundaries 110
3.12 Antiphase Boundaries 114
3.13 Domains and Ferroic Materials 116
3.13.1 Magnetic Structures 116
3.13.2 Ferroelectric Structures 118
3.13.3 Ferroic Structures 119
3.14 External Surfaces and Grain Boundaries 120
3.14.1 Optical Characteristics of Polycrystalline Solids 122
3.14.2 Electronic Properties of Interfaces 122
3.14.3 Varistors 124
3.14.4 Positive Temperature Coefﬁcient Thermistors 126
3.15 Volume Defects and Precipitates 128
3.16 Answers to Introductory Questions 129
Problems and Exercises 131
Further Reading 133
4. Structural Aspects of Composition Variation 135
4.1 Composition Variation and Nonstoichiometry 135
4.1.1 Phase Diagrams and the Coexistence of Solids 135
4.1.2 Nonstoichiometric Compounds 137
4.1.3 Phase Diagrams and Composition 137
4.2 Substitutional Solid Solutions 140
4.3 Point Defects and Departures from Stoichiometry 143
4.3.1 Substitution: Gallium Arsenide, GaAs 143
4.3.2 Vacancies: Cobalt Oxide, CoO 145
4.3.3 Interstitials: La2CuO4 and Sr2CuO2F2 145
4.3.4 Interstitial Impurities: Alloys and Hydrides 147
4.3.5 Defect Variation: Zinc Oxide, ZnO 147
4.3.6 Defect Spinels, M2O3 148
4.4 Defect Clusters 149
4.4.1 Point Defect Aggregations 149
4.4.2 Iron Oxide, Wu ¨stite 150
4.4.3 Hyperstoichiometric Uranium Dioxide 152
4.4.4 Anion-Excess Fluorite Structures 155
4.4.5 Anion-Deﬁcient Fluorite Structures 157
4.5 Interpolation 161
4.6 Intercalation 165
4.7 Linear Defects 167
4.8 Modular Structures 170
4.8.1 Crystallographic Shear Phases 171
4.8.2 Twinning and Composition Variation 176
4.8.3 Chemical Twinning 177
4.8.4 Perovskite-Related Structures 179
4.8.5 Misﬁt-Layer Compounds 184
4.8.6 Niobium Pentoxide Block Structures 187
4.9 Ordering and Assimilation 190
4.10 Modulated Structures 192
4.10.1 Structure Modulations 192
4.10.2 Yttrium Oxyﬂuoride and Related Structures 193
4.10.3 U3O8-Related Structures 195
4.10.4 SrxTiS3 and Related Structures 196
4.11 Answers to Introductory Questions 198
Problems and Exercises 199
Further Reading 202
5. Defects and Diffusion 205
5.1 Diffusion 205
5.2 Diffusion in Solids 207
5.3 Random-Walk Diffusion in Crystals 213
5.4 Diffusion Mechanisms 216
5.4.1 Vacancy Diffusion 216
5.4.2 Interstitial Diffusion 217
5.4.3 Interstitialcy Diffusion 217
5.4.4 Impurity and Cluster Diffusion Mechanisms 219
5.4.5 Diffusion Paths 221
5.5 Point Defect Concentration and Diffusion 227
5.6 Correlation Factors 227
5.7 Temperature Variation of the Diffusion Coefﬁcient 231
5.8 Temperature Variation and Intrinsic Diffusion 236
5.9 Diffusion Mechanisms and Impurities 240
5.10 Chemical and Ambipolar Diffusion 241
5.11 Dislocation and Grain Boundary Diffusion 243
5.12 Diffusion in Amorphous and Glassy Solids 245
5.13 Answers to Introductory Questions 245
Problems and Exercises 246
Further Reading 250
6. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Defects in Insulators: Ionic Conductivity 251
6.1 Ionic Conductivity 251
6.1.1 Ionic Conductivity in Solids 251
6.1.2 Fundamental Concepts 252
6.2 Mechanisms of Ionic Conductivity 255
6.2.1 Random-Walk Model 255
6.2.2 Relationship between Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion Coefﬁcient 259
6.2.3 Ionic Conductivity and Defects 261
6.3 Impedance Measurements 263
6.4 Electrochemical Cells and Batteries 265
6.5 Disordered Cation Compounds 268
6.6 b-Alumina Oxides 270
6.6.1 Idealized Structures of the b-Alumina-Related Phases 270
6.6.2 Defects in b-Alumina 272
6.6.3 Defects in b00
-Alumina 274
6.6.4 Ionic Conductivity 274
6.6.5 Batteries Using b00
-Alumina 276
6.7 Enhancement of Ionic Conductivity 278
6.8 Calcia-Stabilized Zirconia and Related Fast Oxygen Ion Conductors 280
6.8.1 Structure and Oxygen Diffusion in Fluorite Structure Oxides 280
6.8.2 Free Energy and Stoichiometry of Oxides 281
6.8.3 Oxygen Sensors 282
6.8.4 Oxygen Pumps and Coulometric Titrations 284
6.9 Proton (Ht Ion) Conductors 285
6.10 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 287
6.11 Answers to Introductory Questions 288
Problems and Exercises 290
Further Reading 294
7. Nonstoichiometry and Intrinsic Electronic Conductivity 297
7.1 Nonstoichiometry and Electronic Defects in Oxides 297
7.1.1 Electronic and Ionic Compensation 297
7.1.2 Metal-Excess Phases 298
7.1.3 Oxygen-Excess Phases 299
7.2 Conductivity and Defects 301
7.2.1 Conductivity and Defect Concentrations 301
7.2.2 Holes, Electrons, and Valence 302
7.2.3 Localized Electrons and Polarons 303
7.2.4 Defects and Hopping Conductivity 304
7.2.5 Band versus Hopping Conduction 306
7.2.6 Seebeck Coefﬁcient and Stoichiometry 307
7.3 Stoichiometry, Defect Populations and Partial Pressures 309
7.3.1 Equilibrium Partial Pressures 309
7.3.2 Phase Rule 312
7.4 Variation of Defect Populations with Partial Pressure 315
7.4.1 Metal-Excess Oxides 315
7.4.2 Oxygen-Excess Oxides 317
7.4.3 Ba2In2O5 318
7.5 Brouwer Diagrams 320
7.5.1 Initial Assumptions 320
7.5.2 Defect Equilibria 321
7.5.3 Stoichiometric Point: Ionic Defects 322
7.5.4 Near Stoichiometry: Ionic Defects 324
7.5.5 High X2 Partial Pressures: Ionic Defects 326
7.5.6 Low X2 Partial Pressures: Ionic Defects 327
7.5.7 Complete Diagram: Ionic Defects 328
7.6 Brouwer Diagrams: Electronic Defects 329
7.6.1 Electronic Defects 329
7.6.2 Near Stoichiometry: Electronic Defects 330
7.6.3 High X2 Partial Pressures: Electronic Defects 333
7.6.4 Low X2 Partial Pressures: Electronic Defects 334
7.6.5 Complete Diagram: Electronic Defects 335
7.7 Brouwer Diagrams: More Complex Examples 336
7.7.1 Cr2O3 336
7.7.2 Ba2In2O5 338
7.8 Brouwer Diagrams: Effects of Temperature 339
7.9 Polynomial Forms for Brouwer Diagrams 340
7.9.1 Ionic Defects 340
7.9.2 Electronic Defects 343
7.10 Answers to Introductory Questions 344
Problems and Exercises 345
References 349
Further Reading 349
8. Nonstoichiometry and Extrinsic Electronic Conductivity 351
8.1 Effect of Impurity Atoms 351
8.2 Impurities in Oxides 352
8.2.1 Donor Doping 352
8.2.2 Donor Doping of Cr2O3 352
8.2.3 Acceptor Doping 353
8.2.4 Acceptor Doping of NiO 354
8.3 Negative Temperature Coefﬁcient (NTC) Thermistors 355
8.4 Brouwer Diagrams for Doped Systems 358
8.4.1 Construction 358
8.4.2 General Trends: MX 360
8.5 Metals and Insulators 363
8.5.1 Acceptor Doping into La2CuO4 363
8.5.2 Donor Doping into Nd2CuO4 365
8.5.3 Spinel System Li1txTi22xO4 366
8.6 Cuprate High-Temperature Superconductors 367
8.6.1 Perovskite-Related Structures and Series 367
8.6.2 Hole Doping 370
8.6.3 Defect Structures 373
8.7 Mixed Electronic/Ionic Conductors 378
8.7.1 Fluorite Structure Oxides: CeO22d 378
8.7.2 Layered Structures: LixMX2 380
8.7.3 Acceptor Doping in Perovskite Structure Oxides 381
8.8 Mixed Proton/Electronic Conductors 385
8.8.1 Proton Mixed Conductors 385
8.8.2 Brouwer Diagram Representation of Mixed Proton Conductivity 387
8.8.3 Charge Carrier Map Representation of Mixed Conductivity 389
8.9 Choice of Compensation Mechanism 391
8.10 Answers to Introductory Questions 392
Problems and Exercises 394
Further Reading 397
9. Magnetic and Optical Defects 399
9.1 Magnetic Defects 399
9.2 Magnetic Defects in Semiconductors 403
9.3 Magnetic Defects in Ferrites 405
9.4 Charge and Spin States in Cobaltites and Manganites 406
9.5 Extended Magnetic Defects 409
9.6 Optical Defects 412
9.6.1 Absorption and Scattering 412
9.6.2 Energy Levels 413
9.6.3 Energy Levels in Solids 416
9.7 Pigments, Minerals and Gemstones 417
9.7.1 Transition-Metal and Lanthanide Ion Colors 417
9.7.2 Colors and Impurity Defects 418
9.8 Photoluminescence 420
9.8.1 Energy Degradation and Down-conversion 420
9.8.2 Up-conversion 421
9.9 Solid-State Lasers 428
9.9.1 Emission of Radiation 428
9.9.2 Ruby Laser: Three-Level Lasers 429
9.9.3 Neodymium (Nd3t) Laser: Four-Level Lasers 430
9.10 Color Centers 432
9.10.1 The F Center 432
9.10.2 Electron and Hole Centers 433
9.10.3 Surface Color Centers 435
9.10.4 Complex Color Centers: Laser and Photonic Action 436
9.11 Electrochromic Films 438
9.12 Photoinduced Magnetism 440
9.13 Answers to Introductory Questions 441
Problems and Exercises 443
Further Reading 446
Supplementary Material 447
S1 Crystal Structures 447
S1.1 Crystal Systems and Unit Cells 447
S1.2 Crystal Planes and Miller Indices 448
S1.3 Directions 451
S1.4 Crystal Structures 452
Further Reading 460
S2 Band Theory 461
S2.1 Energy Bands 461
S2.2 Insulators, Semiconductors and Metals 461
S2.3 Point Defects and Energy Bands in Semiconductors and Insulators 463
S2.4 Transition-Metal Oxides 464
S3 Seebeck Coefﬁcient 465
S3.1 Seebeck Coefﬁcient and Entropy 465
S3.2 Seebeck Coefﬁcient and Defect Populations 468
S4 Schottky and Frenkel Defects 470
S4.1 Equilibrium Concentration of Schottky Defects Derived
from Conﬁgurational Entropy 470
S4.2 Stirling’s Approximation 473
S4.3 Equilibrium Concentration of Frenkel Defects Derived
from Conﬁgurational Entropy 474
S5 Diffusion 476
S5.1 Diffusion Equations 476
S5.2 Non-Steady-State Diffusion 476
S5.3 Random-Walk Diffusion 478
S5.4 Concentration Proﬁle 484
S5.5 Fick’s Laws and the Diffusion Equations 485
S5.6 Penetration Depth 489
S6 Magnetic Properties 489
S6.1 Atomic Magnetism 489
S6.2 Types of Magnetic Material 490
S6.3 Crystal Field Splitting 492
Answers to Problems and Exercises 495
Formula Index 507
Subject Index 513

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6楼: Originally posted by shamolvzhou_ at 2014-12-05 19:06:32
谢谢，请问解压密码是多少。谢谢

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