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Low density cellular plastics Physical basis of behaviour Edited by N. C. Hilyard Honorary Research Fellow, Materials Research Institute, Division of Applied Physics, Sheffield Hallam University, UK and A. Cunningham Company Science and Technology Associate, International R&T Centre, ICI Polyurethanes, Everberg, Belgium Contents List of contributors IX Preface xiii 1 Physical behaviour of polymeric foams - an overview 1 A. Cunningham and N.C. Hilyard 1.1 General 1 1.2 Foam formation 3 1.3 Cell structure 4 1.4 Matrix polymer morphology 7 1.5 Thermal behaviour 9 1.6 Stress-strain behaviour 11 1.7 Energy management 14 1.8 Final comments 19 References 20 2 Polyurethane flexible foam formation 22 Luis D. Artavia and Christopher W Macosko 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 Reaction chemistry 23 2.3 Morphology development 33 2.4 The cell opening mechanism 47 2.5 Conclusions 51 Acknowledgements 51 References 52 3 Characterizations of polymeric cellular structures 56 M. B. Rhodes 3.1 Introduction 56 3.2 Background 57 3.3 Quantitative characterization 60 3.4 Stereology 64 3.5 Difficulties associated with measurement 67 3.6 Optical microscopy 70 3.7 Final comments 75 Acknowledgements 76 References 76 4 The morphology of flexible polyurethane matrix polymers 78 R. D. Priester, Jr and R. B. Turner 4.1 Introduction 78 4.2 The dynamics of phase separation 78 4.3 The morphological characterization of foams 84 4.4 Summary 101 Acknowledgements 101 References 102 5 Heat transfer in foams 104 Leon R. Glicksman 5.1 Introduction 104 5.2 Conduction heat transfer 106 5.3 Radiative heat transfer 121 5.4 Gas conduction 135 5.5 Overall conductivity 139 Acknowledgements 143 Appendix A: Lower limit analysis 144 Appendix B: List of symbols 148 References 150 6 Thermal ageing 153 C. J. Hoogendoorn 6.1 Introduction 153 6.2 Theory and modelling 155 6.3 Experimental methods 169 6.4 Different testing methods 181 Appendix: List of symbols 184 References 185 7 The elastic behavior of low-density cellular plastics 187 Andrew M. Kraynik and William E. Warren 7.1 Introduction 187 7.2 Elastic behavior of perfectly ordered two-dimensional foams 190 7.3 Elastic behavior of three-dimensional foams 210 7.4 Future directions 220 Acknowledgements 223 References 223 8 Hysteresis and energy loss in flexible polyurethane foams 226 N. C. Hilyard 8.1 Introduction 226 8.2 Mechanical response 227 8.3 Definitions and relationships 230 8.4 Mechanisms 238 8.5 Static hysteresis 251 8.6 Dynamics hysteresis 257 8.7 Ball rebound resilience 261 8.8 Conclusions 264 Appendix: List of symbols 267 References 268 9 Impact response 270 N. J. Mills 9.1 Introduction 270 9.2 Macroscopic deformation geometry 272 9.3 Cell geometry and deformation mechanisms 276 9.4 Impact properties 283 9.5 Relation of impact properties to microstructure 291 9.6 Packaging design 300 9.7 Complex impacts 307 9.8 Discussion 316 References 317 10 Acoustic characteristics of low density foams 319 Walter Lauriks 10.1 Introduction 319 10.2 Single-wave approximation for foams with a low flow resistivity 321 10.3 Acoustic properties of foams of medium and high flow resistivity 331 10.4 Matrix representation of layered porous materials 339 10.5 Conclusion 353 Appendix A: Matrix elements 354 References 359 |
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